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Abnormal Child Psychology > Chapter 8- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of ADHD

A

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is exhibited as persistent age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are sufficient to cause impairment in major life activities

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2
Q

Characteristic behaviors ___ ___ from child to child

A

Vary considerably

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3
Q

Different ___ ___ may have ___ causes

A

behavior patterns
different

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4
Q

ADHD in the early 1900s

Children who lacked self-control and showed symptoms of overactivity/inattention in school were said to have poor ___ and ____

A

“inhibitory volition” and “defective moral control”

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5
Q

“Brain-injured child syndrome”

A

Following the worldwide influenza epidemic from 1917-1926

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6
Q

1940s-1950s labels -2

A

“minimal brain damage” and “minimal brain dysfunction”

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7
Q

Late 1950s label which led to

A

ADHD was called hyperkinesis

led to definition of hyperactive child syndrome

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8
Q

By the 1970s what sympotoms were seen as primary

A

Deficits in attention and impulse control, in addition to hyperactivity

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9
Q

what years was there an increased interest in ADHD

Why?

A

1980’s

Rise in stimulant use generated controversy

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10
Q

the key symptoms of ADHD fall under _____

what are they?

A

two well-documented categories

Inattention
Hyperactivity-impulsivity

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11
Q

using __ to define ADHD ____ the disorder

A

dimensions

oversimplifies

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12
Q

____ and ____ are closely connected developmentally

A

Attention and impulse control

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13
Q

what is inattention

A

Inability to sustain attention, particularly for repetitive, structured, and less enjoyable tasks

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14
Q

Deficits may be seen in one or more types of attention- 4

A

Attentional capacity
Selective attention
Distractibility
Sustained attention/vigilance (a core feature)

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15
Q

what is hyperactivity

A

Inability to voluntarily inhibit dominant or ongoing behavior

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16
Q

Hyperactive behaviors include

A

Fidgeting and difficulty staying seated

Moving, running, touching everything in sight, excessive talking, and pencil tapping

Excessively energetic, intense, inappropriate, and not goal-directed

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17
Q

what is Impulsivity

A

Inability to control immediate reactions or to think before acting

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18
Q

Cognitive impulsivity includes- 3

A

disorganization, hurried thinking, and need for supervision

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19
Q

Behavioral impulsivity includes- 1

A

difficulty inhibiting responses when situations require it

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20
Q

Emotional impulsivity includes- 5

A

impatience, low frustration tolerance, hot temper, quickness to anger, and irritability

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21
Q

what are the 3 ADHD Presentation Types

A

Predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI)

Predominantly hyperactive–impulsive presentation (ADHD-HI)

Combined presentation (ADHD-C)

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22
Q

Predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI) symptoms

A

Inattentive, drowsy, daydreamy, spacey, in a fog, and easily confused

May have learning disability, process information slowly, have trouble remembering things, and display low academic achievement

Often anxious, apprehensive, socially withdrawn, and may display mood disorders

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23
Q

Predominantly hyperactive–impulsive presentation (ADHD-HI)

A

Primarily symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity (rarest group)

Primarily includes preschoolers and may have limited validity for older children

May be a distinct subtype of ADHD-C

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24
Q

Combined presentation (ADHD-C)

A

Children who have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity

Most often referred for treatment

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25
Q

Additional DSM Criteria -6
age, length, who it appears in, interferes with

A

Appears prior to age 12
Persists more than 6 months
Occurs more often and with greater severity than in other children of the same age and sex
Occur across two or more settings
Interferes with social or academic performance
Not explained by another disorder

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26
Q

What DSM Criteria Don’t Tell Us

A

there are limitations of criteria
-Developmentally insensitive
-Categorical view of ADHD

DSM criteria shape our understanding of ADHD
-DSM criteria are also shaped by, and in some instances lag behind, new research findings

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27
Q

Children with ADHD often display other problems in addition to their primary difficulties -5

A

Cognitive deficits
Speech and language impairments
Developmental coordination and tic disorders
Medical and physical concerns
Social problems

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28
Q

Cognitive Deficits: Executive Functions -4

A

Cognitive processes
Language processes
Motor processes
Emotional processes

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29
Q

Cognitive Deficits: Intellectual and Academic

Most children with ADHD have at least ___ intelligence- the difficulty lies in ____

A

normal
applying intelligence to everyday life situations

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30
Q

Children with ADHD frequently have ___ productivity, grades, and scores on achievement tests

A

lower

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31
Q

Cognitive Deficits: Learning Disorders

A

Learning disorders are common for children with ADHD
Problem areas: reading, spelling, and math

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32
Q

Cognitive Deficits: Self-Perceptions

A

Distorted self-perceptions
Positive bias: exaggeration of one’s competence
Self-esteem in children with ADHD may vary with the subtype of ADHD
Distortions in perceptions of quality of life

33
Q

what are the speech and language impairments that people with ADHD may experience -7

A

Formal speech and language disorders
Difficulty understanding others’ speech
Excessive and loud talking
Frequent shifts and interruptions in conversation
Inability to listen
Inappropriate conversations
Speech production errors

34
Q

As many as ___-___% of children with ADHD display motor coordination difficulties
examples? -3

A

Clumsiness, poor performance in sports, or poor handwriting

35
Q

Overlap exists between ADHD and ____

A

developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
Marked motor incoordination and delays in achieving motor milestones

36
Q

Tic disorders occur in ___% of children with ADHD
Characterized by?

A

20
Sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movements or sounds such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, throat clearing, and grunting

37
Q

Health-related problems

A

Higher rates of asthma and bedwetting

Sleep disturbances may be related to use of stimulant medications and/or co-occurring conduct or anxiety disorders

38
Q

Accident-proneness and risk taking

Over ___% are described as being accident-prone

A

50

At higher risk for traffic accidents
At risk for early initiation of cigarette smoking, substance use disorders, and risky sexual behaviors
Reduced life expectancy
Higher medical costs

39
Q

Social Problems
Family problems include: -7

A

Negativity, child noncompliance, excessive parental control, sibling conflict, maternal depression, paternal antisocial behavior, and marital conflict

40
Q

Family difficulties may be due to _____

A

co-occurring conduct problems

41
Q

Peer problems
ADHD children can be bothersome, stubborn, socially awkward, and socially insensitive

A

They are often disliked and uniformly rejected by peers, have few friends
They are unable to apply their social understanding in social situations

42
Q

Up to ___% of children with ADHD have a co-occurring psychological disorder

A

80

43
Q

2 common co-occurring psychological disorders

why?

A

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD)

Role of COMT gene (Catechol-O-methyltransferase) – alters levels of neurotransmitters, increased agitation, impulsivity - A common genetic contribution for ADHD, ODD, and CD

44
Q

About ___% of children with ADHD experience excessive anxiety

A

25
Co-occurring anxiety worsens symptoms or severity of ADHD

45
Q

Children with co-occurring ADHD and anxiety: -3

A

Display social and academic difficulties
Experience greater long-term impairment and mental health problems

46
Q

ADHD at 4-6 years is a risk factor for future ___ and ____ behavior

A

depression and suicidal behavior

47
Q

___-___% of children with ADHD experience depression

A

20-30

48
Q

Controversy regarding relationship between ADHD and ____

A

pediatric bipolar disorder (BP)

49
Q

Prevalence rates for ADHD ___ ____ with sampling methods
% of school aged children with ADHD in North America
and worldwide

A

Vary widely

6-7% of school-age children and adolescents in North America
5% worldwide have ADHD

50
Q

ADHD is one of the most common ____

A

referral problems seen at clinics

51
Q

ADHD occurs more frequently in ___

A

boys

52
Q

Overall rates ___ in adolescence for both sexes - ratio remains the same

A

decrease

53
Q

what is a reason that ADHD is diagnosed more in one sex than the other

A

DSM criteria (cutoffs and symptoms) may be more appropriate to boys than girls

54
Q

Girls with ADHD who display impulsive-hyperactive behaviors are more likely to develop

A

eating disorder symptoms

55
Q

Signs of ADHD may be present at ___ - no reliable or valid methods exist to identify it

A

birth

56
Q

Hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms become more visible and significant at ages ___

A

3-4

57
Q

Children with symptoms for at least ___ year(s) are likely to continue to have difficulties later in middle childhood and adolescence

A

one

58
Q

Symptoms are especially evident when ___

A

the child starts school

59
Q

By age ___-___, defiance and hostility may take the form of serious problems

A

8-12

60
Q

At least ___% of clinic-referred elementary school children continue to suffer from ADHD into ___

A

50
adolescence

61
Q

Explanations for ADHD -3

A

Trait from evolutionary past as hunters
ADHD is a myth fabricated because society needs it
Some theories

62
Q

Theories to explain ADHD -4

A

Cognitive functioning deficits
Reward/motivation deficits
Arousal level deficits
Self-regulation deficits

63
Q

ADHD runs in ___

___% ____estimates for hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive behaviors

A

families
75% heritability

64
Q

Factors that _____ before and after birth may be related to ADHD

A

compromise development of the nervous system

65
Q

factors that are associated with ADHD

A

Mother’s use of cigarettes, alcohol, or other drugs during pregnancy

66
Q

Neurobiological Factors
Research shows differences on:

A

Psychophysiological measures- Diminished arousal or arousability

Measures of brain activity during vigilance tests- underresponsive to stimuli

Decreased Blood flow to prefrontal regions and pathways connecting them to limbic system

67
Q

Abnormalities primarily in the ___ are implicated in ADHD

This region includes the __ and ___

A

frontostriatal circuitry
prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia

68
Q

ADHD children have smaller total and right ____ (by 3-4%), smaller ____, and delayed brain ___

A

cerebral volumes
smaller cerebellum
delayed brain maturation

69
Q

Some neurotransmitters may be involved in ADHD

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin may be involved

70
Q

Some neurotransmitters may be involved in ADHD

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin may be involved

71
Q

Low levels of ___ may be associated with ADHD symptoms

A

Lead

72
Q

____may lead to ADHD symptoms or to a greater severity of symptoms

A

Family influences

73
Q

how many children with ADHD recieve treatment

A

less than half

74
Q

The primary treatment approach combines: -3

A

Stimulant medication
Parent management training
Educational intervention

75
Q

___ have been used to treat ADHD since the 1930s

A

stimulants

76
Q

what are the 2 most effective stimulants used to treat ADHD

What do they do?

A

dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate

May help normalize frontostriatal structural abnormalities and functional connections

77
Q

Parent Management Training (PMT) provides parents with a variety of skills like -4

A

Managing the child’s oppositional and noncompliant behaviors
Coping with emotional demands of raising a child with ADHD
Containing the problem so it does not worsen
Keeping the problem from adversely affecting other family members

78
Q

what is Educational Intervention

A

teacher and children set realistic goals and objectives
Response-cost procedures are used to reduce disruptive or off-task behaviors

Abnormal Child Psychology (7 decks)

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