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Abnormal Child Psychology > Chapter 8- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of ADHD

A

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is exhibited as persistent age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are sufficient to cause impairment in major life activities

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2
Q

Characteristic behaviors ___ ___ from child to child

A

Vary considerably

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3
Q

Different ___ ___ may have ___ causes

A

behavior patterns
different

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4
Q

ADHD in the early 1900s

Children who lacked self-control and showed symptoms of overactivity/inattention in school were said to have poor ___ and ____

A

“inhibitory volition” and “defective moral control”

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5
Q

“Brain-injured child syndrome”

A

Following the worldwide influenza epidemic from 1917-1926

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6
Q

1940s-1950s labels -2

A

“minimal brain damage” and “minimal brain dysfunction”

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7
Q

Late 1950s label which led to

A

ADHD was called hyperkinesis

led to definition of hyperactive child syndrome

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8
Q

By the 1970s what sympotoms were seen as primary

A

Deficits in attention and impulse control, in addition to hyperactivity

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9
Q

what years was there an increased interest in ADHD

Why?

A

1980’s

Rise in stimulant use generated controversy

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10
Q

the key symptoms of ADHD fall under _____

what are they?

A

two well-documented categories

Inattention
Hyperactivity-impulsivity

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11
Q

using __ to define ADHD ____ the disorder

A

dimensions

oversimplifies

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12
Q

____ and ____ are closely connected developmentally

A

Attention and impulse control

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13
Q

what is inattention

A

Inability to sustain attention, particularly for repetitive, structured, and less enjoyable tasks

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14
Q

Deficits may be seen in one or more types of attention- 4

A

Attentional capacity
Selective attention
Distractibility
Sustained attention/vigilance (a core feature)

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15
Q

what is hyperactivity

A

Inability to voluntarily inhibit dominant or ongoing behavior

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16
Q

Hyperactive behaviors include

A

Fidgeting and difficulty staying seated

Moving, running, touching everything in sight, excessive talking, and pencil tapping

Excessively energetic, intense, inappropriate, and not goal-directed

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17
Q

what is Impulsivity

A

Inability to control immediate reactions or to think before acting

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18
Q

Cognitive impulsivity includes- 3

A

disorganization, hurried thinking, and need for supervision

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19
Q

Behavioral impulsivity includes- 1

A

difficulty inhibiting responses when situations require it

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20
Q

Emotional impulsivity includes- 5

A

impatience, low frustration tolerance, hot temper, quickness to anger, and irritability

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21
Q

what are the 3 ADHD Presentation Types

A

Predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI)

Predominantly hyperactive–impulsive presentation (ADHD-HI)

Combined presentation (ADHD-C)

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22
Q

Predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI) symptoms

A

Inattentive, drowsy, daydreamy, spacey, in a fog, and easily confused

May have learning disability, process information slowly, have trouble remembering things, and display low academic achievement

Often anxious, apprehensive, socially withdrawn, and may display mood disorders

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23
Q

Predominantly hyperactive–impulsive presentation (ADHD-HI)

A

Primarily symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity (rarest group)

Primarily includes preschoolers and may have limited validity for older children

May be a distinct subtype of ADHD-C

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24
Q

Combined presentation (ADHD-C)

A

Children who have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity

Most often referred for treatment

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25
Additional DSM Criteria -6 age, length, who it appears in, interferes with
Appears prior to age 12 Persists more than 6 months Occurs more often and with greater severity than in other children of the same age and sex Occur across two or more settings Interferes with social or academic performance Not explained by another disorder
26
What DSM Criteria Don’t Tell Us
there are limitations of criteria -Developmentally insensitive -Categorical view of ADHD DSM criteria shape our understanding of ADHD -DSM criteria are also shaped by, and in some instances lag behind, new research findings
27
Children with ADHD often display other problems in addition to their primary difficulties -5
Cognitive deficits Speech and language impairments Developmental coordination and tic disorders Medical and physical concerns Social problems
28
Cognitive Deficits: Executive Functions -4
Cognitive processes Language processes Motor processes Emotional processes
29
Cognitive Deficits: Intellectual and Academic Most children with ADHD have at least ___ intelligence- the difficulty lies in ____
normal applying intelligence to everyday life situations
30
Children with ADHD frequently have ___ productivity, grades, and scores on achievement tests
lower
31
Cognitive Deficits: Learning Disorders
Learning disorders are common for children with ADHD Problem areas: reading, spelling, and math
32
Cognitive Deficits: Self-Perceptions
Distorted self-perceptions Positive bias: exaggeration of one’s competence Self-esteem in children with ADHD may vary with the subtype of ADHD Distortions in perceptions of quality of life
33
what are the speech and language impairments that people with ADHD may experience -7
Formal speech and language disorders Difficulty understanding others’ speech Excessive and loud talking Frequent shifts and interruptions in conversation Inability to listen Inappropriate conversations Speech production errors
34
As many as ___-___% of children with ADHD display motor coordination difficulties examples? -3
Clumsiness, poor performance in sports, or poor handwriting
35
Overlap exists between ADHD and ____
developmental coordination disorder (DCD) Marked motor incoordination and delays in achieving motor milestones
36
Tic disorders occur in ___% of children with ADHD Characterized by?
20 Sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movements or sounds such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, throat clearing, and grunting
37
Health-related problems
Higher rates of asthma and bedwetting Sleep disturbances may be related to use of stimulant medications and/or co-occurring conduct or anxiety disorders
38
Accident-proneness and risk taking Over ___% are described as being accident-prone
50 At higher risk for traffic accidents At risk for early initiation of cigarette smoking, substance use disorders, and risky sexual behaviors Reduced life expectancy Higher medical costs
39
Social Problems Family problems include: -7
Negativity, child noncompliance, excessive parental control, sibling conflict, maternal depression, paternal antisocial behavior, and marital conflict
40
Family difficulties may be due to _____
co-occurring conduct problems
41
Peer problems ADHD children can be bothersome, stubborn, socially awkward, and socially insensitive
They are often disliked and uniformly rejected by peers, have few friends They are unable to apply their social understanding in social situations
42
Up to ___% of children with ADHD have a co-occurring psychological disorder
80
43
2 common co-occurring psychological disorders why?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) Role of COMT gene (Catechol-O-methyltransferase) – alters levels of neurotransmitters, increased agitation, impulsivity - A common genetic contribution for ADHD, ODD, and CD
44
About ___% of children with ADHD experience excessive anxiety
25 Co-occurring anxiety worsens symptoms or severity of ADHD
45
Children with co-occurring ADHD and anxiety: -3
Display social and academic difficulties Experience greater long-term impairment and mental health problems
46
ADHD at 4-6 years is a risk factor for future ___ and ____ behavior
depression and suicidal behavior
47
___-___% of children with ADHD experience depression
20-30
48
Controversy regarding relationship between ADHD and ____
pediatric bipolar disorder (BP)
49
Prevalence rates for ADHD ___ ____ with sampling methods % of school aged children with ADHD in North America and worldwide
Vary widely 6-7% of school-age children and adolescents in North America 5% worldwide have ADHD
50
ADHD is one of the most common ____
referral problems seen at clinics
51
ADHD occurs more frequently in ___
boys
52
Overall rates ___ in adolescence for both sexes - ratio remains the same
decrease
53
what is a reason that ADHD is diagnosed more in one sex than the other
DSM criteria (cutoffs and symptoms) may be more appropriate to boys than girls
54
Girls with ADHD who display impulsive-hyperactive behaviors are more likely to develop
eating disorder symptoms
55
Signs of ADHD may be present at ___ - no reliable or valid methods exist to identify it
birth
56
Hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms become more visible and significant at ages ___
3-4
57
Children with symptoms for at least ___ year(s) are likely to continue to have difficulties later in middle childhood and adolescence
one
58
Symptoms are especially evident when ___
the child starts school
59
By age ___-___, defiance and hostility may take the form of serious problems
8-12
60
At least ___% of clinic-referred elementary school children continue to suffer from ADHD into ___
50 adolescence
61
Explanations for ADHD -3
Trait from evolutionary past as hunters ADHD is a myth fabricated because society needs it Some theories
62
Theories to explain ADHD -4
Cognitive functioning deficits Reward/motivation deficits Arousal level deficits Self-regulation deficits
63
ADHD runs in ___ ___% ____estimates for hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive behaviors
families 75% heritability
64
Factors that _____ before and after birth may be related to ADHD
compromise development of the nervous system
65
factors that are associated with ADHD
Mother’s use of cigarettes, alcohol, or other drugs during pregnancy
66
Neurobiological Factors Research shows differences on:
Psychophysiological measures- Diminished arousal or arousability Measures of brain activity during vigilance tests- underresponsive to stimuli Decreased Blood flow to prefrontal regions and pathways connecting them to limbic system
67
Abnormalities primarily in the ___ are implicated in ADHD This region includes the __ and ___
frontostriatal circuitry prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia
68
ADHD children have smaller total and right ____ (by 3-4%), smaller ____, and delayed brain ___
cerebral volumes smaller cerebellum delayed brain maturation
69
Some neurotransmitters may be involved in ADHD
Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin may be involved
70
Some neurotransmitters may be involved in ADHD
Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin may be involved
71
Low levels of ___ may be associated with ADHD symptoms
Lead
72
____may lead to ADHD symptoms or to a greater severity of symptoms
Family influences
73
how many children with ADHD recieve treatment
less than half
74
The primary treatment approach combines: -3
Stimulant medication Parent management training Educational intervention
75
___ have been used to treat ADHD since the 1930s
stimulants
76
what are the 2 most effective stimulants used to treat ADHD What do they do?
dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate May help normalize frontostriatal structural abnormalities and functional connections
77
Parent Management Training (PMT) provides parents with a variety of skills like -4
Managing the child’s oppositional and noncompliant behaviors Coping with emotional demands of raising a child with ADHD Containing the problem so it does not worsen Keeping the problem from adversely affecting other family members
78
what is Educational Intervention
teacher and children set realistic goals and objectives Response-cost procedures are used to reduce disruptive or off-task behaviors

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