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Abnormal Child Psychology > Chapter 2- Theories and Causes > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Theories and Causes Flashcards

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1
Q

Children’s problems must be considered in relation to ___

A

multiple levels of influence - individual, family, community, and culture

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2
Q

what are 6 causes of a child’s behavior

A

Biological influences
Emotional influences
Behavioral and cognitive influences
Family
cultural
ethnic

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3
Q

Defining child abnormality involves- 2

A

The context of children’s ongoing adaptation and development
Sorting out the causes of identified problems

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4
Q

abnormal behavior studies require an understanding of ____

A

development and individual events that can impact a child’s life

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5
Q

what is a theory

A

language of science that allows us to assemble and communicate existing knowledge effectively

allows us to make educated guesses and predictions about behavior

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6
Q

what is etiology

A

the study of the causes of childhood disorders

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7
Q

etiology considers how ___, ___ and ___ processes interact to produce outcomes over time

A

biological, psychological, and environmental

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8
Q

what is the Developmental Psychopathology Perspective and what does it emphasize

A

approach to describing and studying disorders of childhood, adolescence, and beyond in a manner that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tasks

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9
Q

Abnormal development is ___

A

multiply determined- must look beyond current symptoms

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10
Q

what is the transactional view

A

Children and environments are interdependent, have a dynamic interaction

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11
Q

abnormal behavior involves ____ and ___

A

continuities and discontinuities

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12
Q

what is Continuity

A

developmental changes are gradual and quantitative; predictive of future behavior patterns (expressed as amounts that can be measured numerically, such as weight and height changes)

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13
Q

what is Discontinuity

A

developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative; not predictive of future behavior patterns (expressed as qualities that cannot be measured numerically, such as changes in mood or expression)

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14
Q

what is a Developmental Cascade

A

the process by which a child’s previous interactions and experiences may spread across other systems and alter his or her course of development, somewhat like a chain reaction

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15
Q

what is adaptational failure

A

unsuccessful progress in developmental milestones

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16
Q

Children with psychological disorders differ from ____

A

their peers in some aspect of normal development

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17
Q

___ and ___ are fundamental aspects of biological and behavioral systems

A

change and reorganization

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18
Q

Early patterns of adaptation evolve with ____

A

structure over time
Ex. infant eye contact and speech sounds to speech and language

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19
Q

what are sensitive periods

A

times during which environmental influences on development are enhanced

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20
Q

what are infants highly sensitive to

A

emotional cues and proximity to their caregivers, which assists them in developing secure attachments

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21
Q

what are toddlers highly sensitive to

A

basic sounds of language, which helps them distinguish sounds and combine them to form words

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22
Q

what is that neurological perspective

A

The brain is seen as the underlying cause of psychological disorders
The fetal brain develops from all-purpose cells into a complex organ

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23
Q

what is neural plasticity

A

the brain’s anatomical differentiation is use-dependent
nature and nurture both contribute

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24
Q

what plays a critical role in brain development
examples

A

Experience
prenatal environment; childhood illness and diet; and early caregiving, including maltreatment, inadequate stimulation, and attachment

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25
Q

when do the areas governing basic sensory and motor skills mature

A

during the first 3 years of life

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26
Q

___ and ___ centers are strongly affected by early childhood experiences

A

Perceptual and instinctive

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27
Q

what parts of the brain are rewired around 5-7 years old

A

Prefrontal cortex and cerebellum

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28
Q

Major restructuring occurs from ages 9 to 11 due to _____ and again in adolescence

A

pubertal development

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29
Q

Problems occurring at a younger age are associated with

A

more severe organic disorders and complications

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30
Q

____ are important in reducing the risk of complications and lifelong disabilities

A

safeguards

31
Q

examples of safeguards- 3

A

proper prenatal care, proper nutrition, and avoidance of tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy

32
Q

Genetic influences may be expressed ___ or ___

A

early in development or show up years later

33
Q

what does behavioral genetics investigate

A

connections between genetic predisposition and observed behavior

34
Q

what are molecular genetics used for

A

to identify specific genes for childhood disorders

35
Q

what is the long term goal for molecular genetics

A

to determine how genetic mutations alter how genes function

36
Q

most forms of abnormal behavior are

A

polygenic

37
Q

the brain stem handles most of the

A

autonomic functions necessary to stay alive

38
Q

what does the hind brain do

A

provides regulation of autonomic activities

39
Q

what makes up the hindbrain?

A

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

40
Q

what does the midbrain coordinate

A

movement with sensory input; contains reticular activating system

41
Q

what does the forebrain contain

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

42
Q

what does the forebrain regulate

A

behavior and emotion, endocrine system

43
Q

what does the limbic system regulate

A

emotional experiences and expressions; plays a significant role in learning and impulse control

Regulates basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst

44
Q

what does the limbic system regulate

A

emotional experiences and expressions; plays a significant role in learning and impulse control

Regulates basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst

45
Q

what does the basal ganglia regulate, organize and filter

A

information related to cognition, emotions, mood and motor function

46
Q

what is the basal ganglia associated with

A

ADHD, motor behaviors (e.g., tics and tremors)
OCD

47
Q

what is the largest part of the forebrain

A

cerebral cortex

48
Q

what does the cerebral cortex do

A

Allows us to plan, reason, and create

49
Q

what is the endocrine system link to

A

anxiety and mood disorders

50
Q

what type of drugs are used in treatments

A

Psychoactive

51
Q

what plays a role in establishing an infants ability to adapt to new surroundings

A

emotions

52
Q

Emotions and affective expression are -3

A

core elements of human psychological experience
central feature of infant activity and regulation
important for internal monitoring and guidance

53
Q

what is emotion reactivity

A

individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience

54
Q

what does emotion regulation involve

A

enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal

55
Q

what is temperament and what does it shape

A

an organized style of behavior that appears early in development

Shapes an individual’s approach to his or her environment and vice versa

56
Q

what are the 3 primary dimensions

A

Positive affect and approach (easy child)
Fearful or inhibited (slow-to warm-up child)
Negative affect or irritability (difficult child)

57
Q

Early infant temperament may be linked to

A

psychopathology or risk conditions

58
Q

what is self-regulation

A

balance between emotional reactivity and self-control

59
Q

what is ABA

A

Applied Behavior Analysis

60
Q

what does ABA explain

A

behavior as a function of its antecedents and consequences

61
Q

what are the 4 primary operant learning principles

A

Positive and negative reinforcement
extinction
punishment

62
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

Involves paired associations between previously neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimuli

63
Q

____ relates to how children think about themselves and others

A

social cognition

64
Q

what ate the social and environmental contexts

A

Proximal (close by) events
distal (further removed) events

65
Q

what are shared environments

A

environmental factors that produce similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings in the same family

66
Q

what are non-shared environments

A

environmental factors that produce behavioral differences among siblings in the same family

67
Q

what is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model

A

The child’s environment is a series of nested and interconnected structures with the child at the center

68
Q

what is attachment

A

process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant individuals

69
Q

when does the attachment process begin

A

between 6-12 months of age
Provides infants with a secure, consistent base

70
Q

what are the 4 patterns of attachment

A

Secure
Insecure – anxious-avoidant
Insecure – anxious-resistant
Disorganized, disoriented (not an organized strategy)

71
Q

____ attachments are implicated in a number of childhood disorders

A

insecure

72
Q

How the family deals with typical and atypical stress is

A

crucial to a child’s adjustment and adaptation

73
Q

The outcome of stressful events depends on

A

The nature and severity of stress
the level of family functioning prior to the stress
the family’s coping skills and resources

Abnormal Child Psychology (7 decks)

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