Chapter 6- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia Flashcards
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a
complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social behavior, language and communication skills, and unusual behaviors and interests
Kanner (1943) coined the term ____
“early infantile autism” to describe young children with autistic symptoms
Asperger (1944) defined a milder form of autism
Asperger disorder
Autism is a
biologically-based lifelong neurodevelopmental disability present in the first few years of life
DSM-5 Defining Features of ASD -3
Impairments in social interaction
Impairments in communication
Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
Three factors contribute to the spectrum nature of autism
Children with autism may differ in level of intellectual ability, from profound disability to above-average intelligence
Children with autism vary in the severity of their language problems
The behavior of children with autism changes with age
Core Deficits of ASD -3
These aspects of development are
Social-emotional development
Language development
Cognitive development
interconnected
people with ASD have deficits in ___ and unusual ___
social and emotional reciprocity
non verbal behaviors
One of the first signs of language impairment is
inconsistent use of early preverbal communications
Use ___ gestures rather than protodeclarative gestures
protoimperative
about ___% of people with ASD do not develop any useful language
50%
kids with ASD who begin to speak may regress between
12-30 months
Children with ASD who develop language usually do so
before age 5
what are 4 qualitative language impairments
Pronoun reversals
Echolalia
Perseverative speech
Impairments in pragmatics
what are the stereotyped body movements for people with ASD
Repetitive sensory and motor behaviors
Insistence on sameness behaviors
what are the 3 theories about self-stimulatory behavior
A craving for stimulation to excite their nervous system
A way of blocking out and controlling unwanted stimulation from environment that is too stimulating
Maintained by sensory reinforcement it provides
About __% of autistic children with autism have co-occurring intellectual impairment
70
A common pattern is ___ verbal scores and ____ nonverbal scores
low
high
__% (autistic savants) display isolated and remarkable talents
5
Deficits in ____ information
processing social-emotional
Deficit in ____ - difficulty understanding others’ and their own mental states
mentalization or theory of mind (ToM)
General Deficits for people with ASD
Executive functions (higher-order planning and regulatory behaviors)
Weak drive for central coherence (strong human tendency to interpret stimuli in a relatively global way to account for broader context)
About ___% of children with ASD have a coexisting medical condition like -4
10
Motor and sensory impairments, seizures, immunological and metabolic abnormalities
Sleep disturbances occur in ___%
Gastrointestinal symptoms occur in ___%
65
50
about __% have a significantly larger-than-normal head size—more common in those who are higher functioning
20
Two most common accompanying disorders to ASD
Intellectual disability
Epilepsy
Age of onset for ASD
Most often identified by parents in the months preceding child’s second birthday
Diagnosis is made in preschool period or later
Worldwide: ___ children per 10,000 may suffer from some form of autism
One ___ or more individuals in the United States
100
million
Worldwide: ___ children per 10,000 may suffer from some form of autism
One ___ or more individuals in the United States
100
million
It is now generally accepted that autism is a ____ with multiple causes
biologically based neurodevelopmental disorder
Children with ASD experience more health problems during ____
pregnancy, at birth, or immediately following birth
___% of siblings of individuals with ASD have the disorder
15-20
Brain Abnormalities – Biological Findings
Decreased blood flow in the frontal and temporal lobes
Atypical patterns of connectivity in default mode network
There are about __ different “treatments” for ASD
There is no known cure
400
Treatment goals for ASD -3
Minimize core problems
Maximize independence and quality of life
Help the child and family cope more effectively with the disorder
Initial stages focus on ___
building rapport and teaching learning-readiness skills
Many children with ASD receive ____
psychotropic medications
Schizophrenia is a ___
neurodevelopmental disorder of the brain - expressed in abnormal mental functions and disturbed behavior
Schizophrenia is characterized by
severe psychotic symptoms bizarre delusions, hallucinations, thought disturbances, grossly disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior, extremely inappropriate or flat affect, and significant deterioration or impairment in functioning
COS is a ____ form of schizophrenia
rarer and possibly more severe (not distinct)
Key features of COS -4
Occurs during childhood
Has a gradual, rather than sudden onset
Is likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood
Has profound negative impact on developing social and academic competence
DSM-5 Positive symptoms
delusions
Hallucinations most common for children are auditory - occur in 80% of cases with onset prior to age 11
40 to 60% experience visual hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder
DSM-5 negative symptoms
Slowed thinking, speech, movement; emotional apathy; and lack of drive
Almost __% have history of behavioral, social, and psychiatric disturbances before onset of psychosis
95
__% meet criteria for another diagnosis - most commonly mood disorder or ODD/CD
70
COS Extremely rare in children ___
under age 12
Dramatic ___ in adolescence, with a modal (typical) age of onset around ___ years of age
increase
22
Estimated prevalence is less than ___ per 10,000 children
1
COS has an earlier age of onset in ___ by two to four years
boys
causes of COS- Neurodevelopmental model
Defective neural circuitry increases a child’s vulnerability to stress
causes of COS- biological factors
Strong genetic contribution
Molecular genetic studies have identified several potential susceptibility genes
causes of COS- environmental factors
Familial disorder and nongenetic factors may play a role through interaction with a genetic susceptibility
____often experienced by families of children with schizophrenia
Stress, distress, and personal tragedy
COS is a ___ disorder with a poor long-term prognosis
chronic
Current treatments emphasize -3
Current treatments emphasize use of antipsychotic medications combined with psychotherapy and social and educational support programs
Medications help control ____
psychotic symptoms
There can be serious side effects
E.g. Tardive Dyskinesia
