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Abnormal Child Psychology > Chapter 6- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a

A

complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social behavior, language and communication skills, and unusual behaviors and interests

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2
Q

Kanner (1943) coined the term ____

A

“early infantile autism” to describe young children with autistic symptoms

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3
Q

Asperger (1944) defined a milder form of autism

A

Asperger disorder

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4
Q

Autism is a

A

biologically-based lifelong neurodevelopmental disability present in the first few years of life

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5
Q

DSM-5 Defining Features of ASD -3

A

Impairments in social interaction

Impairments in communication

Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities

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6
Q

Three factors contribute to the spectrum nature of autism

A

Children with autism may differ in level of intellectual ability, from profound disability to above-average intelligence

Children with autism vary in the severity of their language problems

The behavior of children with autism changes with age

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7
Q

Core Deficits of ASD -3

These aspects of development are

A

Social-emotional development
Language development
Cognitive development

interconnected

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8
Q

people with ASD have deficits in ___ and unusual ___

A

social and emotional reciprocity

non verbal behaviors

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9
Q

One of the first signs of language impairment is

A

inconsistent use of early preverbal communications

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10
Q

Use ___ gestures rather than protodeclarative gestures

A

protoimperative

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11
Q

about ___% of people with ASD do not develop any useful language

A

50%

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12
Q

kids with ASD who begin to speak may regress between

A

12-30 months

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13
Q

Children with ASD who develop language usually do so

A

before age 5

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14
Q

what are 4 qualitative language impairments

A

Pronoun reversals
Echolalia
Perseverative speech
Impairments in pragmatics

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15
Q

what are the stereotyped body movements for people with ASD

A

Repetitive sensory and motor behaviors
Insistence on sameness behaviors

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16
Q

what are the 3 theories about self-stimulatory behavior

A

A craving for stimulation to excite their nervous system
A way of blocking out and controlling unwanted stimulation from environment that is too stimulating
Maintained by sensory reinforcement it provides

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17
Q

About __% of autistic children with autism have co-occurring intellectual impairment

A

70

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18
Q

A common pattern is ___ verbal scores and ____ nonverbal scores

A

low
high

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19
Q

__% (autistic savants) display isolated and remarkable talents

A

5

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20
Q

Deficits in ____ information

A

processing social-emotional

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21
Q

Deficit in ____ - difficulty understanding others’ and their own mental states

A

mentalization or theory of mind (ToM)

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22
Q

General Deficits for people with ASD

A

Executive functions (higher-order planning and regulatory behaviors)

Weak drive for central coherence (strong human tendency to interpret stimuli in a relatively global way to account for broader context)

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23
Q

About ___% of children with ASD have a coexisting medical condition like -4

A

10

Motor and sensory impairments, seizures, immunological and metabolic abnormalities

24
Q

Sleep disturbances occur in ___%
Gastrointestinal symptoms occur in ___%

A

65
50

25
Q

about __% have a significantly larger-than-normal head size—more common in those who are higher functioning

A

20

26
Q

Two most common accompanying disorders to ASD

A

Intellectual disability
Epilepsy

27
Q

Age of onset for ASD

A

Most often identified by parents in the months preceding child’s second birthday

Diagnosis is made in preschool period or later

28
Q

Worldwide: ___ children per 10,000 may suffer from some form of autism

One ___ or more individuals in the United States

A

100

million

29
Q

Worldwide: ___ children per 10,000 may suffer from some form of autism

One ___ or more individuals in the United States

A

100

million

30
Q

It is now generally accepted that autism is a ____ with multiple causes

A

biologically based neurodevelopmental disorder

31
Q

Children with ASD experience more health problems during ____

A

pregnancy, at birth, or immediately following birth

32
Q

___% of siblings of individuals with ASD have the disorder

A

15-20

33
Q

Brain Abnormalities – Biological Findings

A

Decreased blood flow in the frontal and temporal lobes
Atypical patterns of connectivity in default mode network

34
Q

There are about __ different “treatments” for ASD
There is no known cure

A

400

35
Q

Treatment goals for ASD -3

A

Minimize core problems
Maximize independence and quality of life
Help the child and family cope more effectively with the disorder

36
Q

Initial stages focus on ___

A

building rapport and teaching learning-readiness skills

37
Q

Many children with ASD receive ____

A

psychotropic medications

38
Q

Schizophrenia is a ___

A

neurodevelopmental disorder of the brain - expressed in abnormal mental functions and disturbed behavior

39
Q

Schizophrenia is characterized by

A

severe psychotic symptoms bizarre delusions, hallucinations, thought disturbances, grossly disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior, extremely inappropriate or flat affect, and significant deterioration or impairment in functioning

40
Q

COS is a ____ form of schizophrenia

A

rarer and possibly more severe (not distinct)

41
Q

Key features of COS -4

A

Occurs during childhood
Has a gradual, rather than sudden onset
Is likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood
Has profound negative impact on developing social and academic competence

42
Q

DSM-5 Positive symptoms

A

delusions
Hallucinations most common for children are auditory - occur in 80% of cases with onset prior to age 11
40 to 60% experience visual hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder

43
Q

DSM-5 negative symptoms

A

Slowed thinking, speech, movement; emotional apathy; and lack of drive

44
Q

Almost __% have history of behavioral, social, and psychiatric disturbances before onset of psychosis

A

95

45
Q

__% meet criteria for another diagnosis - most commonly mood disorder or ODD/CD

A

70

46
Q

COS Extremely rare in children ___

A

under age 12

47
Q

Dramatic ___ in adolescence, with a modal (typical) age of onset around ___ years of age

A

increase

22

48
Q

Estimated prevalence is less than ___ per 10,000 children

A

1

49
Q

COS has an earlier age of onset in ___ by two to four years

A

boys

50
Q

causes of COS- Neurodevelopmental model

A

Defective neural circuitry increases a child’s vulnerability to stress

51
Q

causes of COS- biological factors

A

Strong genetic contribution
Molecular genetic studies have identified several potential susceptibility genes

52
Q

causes of COS- environmental factors

A

Familial disorder and nongenetic factors may play a role through interaction with a genetic susceptibility

53
Q

____often experienced by families of children with schizophrenia

A

Stress, distress, and personal tragedy

54
Q

COS is a ___ disorder with a poor long-term prognosis

A

chronic

55
Q

Current treatments emphasize -3

A

Current treatments emphasize use of antipsychotic medications combined with psychotherapy and social and educational support programs

56
Q

Medications help control ____

A

psychotic symptoms

There can be serious side effects

E.g. Tardive Dyskinesia

Abnormal Child Psychology (7 decks)

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