Chapter 5- Intellectual Disability Flashcards
how were children and adults with intellectual disabilities treated prior to mid-19th century
ignored or feared even by the medical profession
what institution was open in the mid-19th century
Samuel G. Howe opened the first humanitarian institution in North America
Became Perkins School for the Blind
by the 1940’s parents ____
increased humane care for their children
what is an Intellectual disability
a significant limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior which begins before age 18
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (1900s) commissioned by ____
the French government to identify schoolchildren who might need special help in school
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the
first intelligence tests
the first intelligence tests measured ___ and were published ____
Measure judgment and reasoning of school children (Stanford-Binet scale)
Published in 1916 by Lewis Terman
General intellectual functioning is now defined by an
intelligence quotient (IQ or equivalent)
Intellectual Disability is no longer defined on the basis of
IQ alone
adaptive functioning is
how effectively individuals cope with ordinary life demands and how capable they are of living independently
IQ is relatively stable over time except ____
when measured in young, normally-developing infants
mental ability is always modified by ____
experience
what is the Flynn Effect
the phenomenon that IQ scores have risen about three points per decade
DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of intellectual disabilities -3
1) Deficits in intellectual functioning
2) Concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning
3) Below-average intellectual and adaptive abilities must be evident prior to age 18
Severity Level: Mild has about ___% of persons with ID
85
Mild severity level is not typically identified until ____
early elementary years
Mild severity level has an overrepresentation of
minority group members
what are the 2 goals of treatment for mild severity level
1) Develop social and communication skills
2) Live successfully in the community as adults with appropriate supports
Severity level Moderate is about ___% of people with ID
10
Severity level Moderate is usually identified during ____ and applies to many people with ___
preschool years
Down syndrome
severity level moderate can benefit from ___ and can perform ___
vocational training
supervised unskilled or semiskilled work in adulthood
severity level severe is about ___% of people with ID
3-4%
severity level severe is often associated with ____
organic causes
severity level severe is usually identified at ____
a very young age
delays in ___ and ___ occur in severity level severe
developmental milestones and visible physical features are seen
severity level severe can live in ___ and need ____
group homes or with their families
special assistance throughout their lives
severity level profound makes up about ___% of people with ID
1-2%
severity level profound is identified ____
in infancy due to marked delays in development and biological anomalies
severity level profound learn only the ____
rudimentary communication skills
severity level profound require intensive training for -4
Eating, grooming, toileting, and dressing behaviors
require lifelong care and assistance
ID prevalence is approximately ___% of total population
1-3%
there are twice as many ___ as ____ mong those with mild cases
males as females
ID is more prevalent among children of ____ and children form ____
lower SES, minority groups
what is the developmental vs. difference controversy
Do all children (ID or not) progress through the same developmental milestones in a similar sequence, but at different rates?
what are the 2 views of the developmental position
Similar sequence hypothesis
Similar structure hypothesis
what is the Similar structure hypothesis
when ID child are matched with NT child on mental age, then cognitive processes and performance similar
what is the Similar sequence hypothesis
propose same order, only different rate and upper limit
many children with mild ID are often susceptible to feelings of ___ and ___ in their ___ environments
helplessness
frustration
learning
___ scores can fluctuate in relation to the level of ___
IQ
impairment
what is the “slowing and stability hypothesis”
IQ of children with Down syndrome may plateau during middle childhood, then decrease over time
characteristics displayed with down syndrome
Fewer signals of distress or desire for proximity with primary caregiver - Strange Situation (Ainsworth)
Delayed, but positive, development of self-recognition
Delayed and aberrant functioning in internal state language – i.e. I am happy or I am mad
Deficits in social skills and social-cognitive ability; can lead to rejection by peers
the rate of emotional and behavioral problems are ___ times greater for people with down syndrome than in typially developing children
3 to 7
emotional and behaviour problems are greater with people with DS because of
limited communication skills, additional stressors, and neurological deficits
most common psychiatric diagnoses for DS
Impulse control disorders, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders
Self injurious behavior affects about
8% of persons across all ages and levels of ID
Prevalence of chronic health conditions in ID population is much ___ than in the general population
higher
Life expectancy for individuals with Down syndrome is now approaching ___ years
60
Cognitive decline typical after ___ for people with DS
40
Congenital Anomalies –
Prenatal: -2
Perinatal: -2
Prenatal: genetic disorders and accidents in the womb
Perinatal: prematurity and anoxia
Occurring After Birth -
Postnatal: -2
meningitis and head trauma
what is the 2-group approach
organic group and cultural-familial group
organic group
there is a clear biological basis
Associated with severe and profound ID
cultural-familial group
there is no clear organic basis
Associated with mild ID
4 major categories of risk factors
Biomedical – Genetic and other congenital
Social – lower SES
Behavioral – abuse and neglect
Educational – Parental and child
genetic influences are potentially modifiable by the ___
environment
what is a genotype
a collection of genes that pertain to intelligence
what is a phenotype
the expression of the genotype in the environment (gene-environment interaction)
_____ describes the proportion of the variation of a trait attributable to genetic influences in the population
Ranges from ____
The heritability of intelligence is about ___%
Heritability
Ranges from 0% to 100%
The heritability of intelligence is about 50%
how does Down syndrome happen
usually the result of failure of the 21st pair of the mother’s chromosomes to separate during meiosis ► causes an additional chromosome
Aka Trisomy 21
____ syndrome is the most common cause of inherited ID
Fragile-X
Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are both associated with _____
abnormality of chromosome 15
inborn errors of metabolism are caused by
Single-gene conditions
Excesses or shortages of certain chemicals which are necessary during developmental stages
Phenylketonuria (PKU) results in lack of
liver enzymes necessary to metabolize phenylalanine
Heel prick at birth
Can be treated successfully
examples of Adverse biological conditions
infections, traumas, and accidental poisonings during infancy and childhood
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Estimated to occur in one-half to two per 1000 live births
____ increase risk of ID
teratogens
example: mercury in fish or drinking water
___ and ___ dimensions are the least understood and most diverse factors causing ID
social and psychological
____ influences and other mental disorders account for ___% of ID
environmental
15-20%
Child’s overall adjustment is a function of: -6
Parental participation, family resources, social supports, level of intellectual functioning, basic temperament, and other specific deficits
Treatment involves a
Considers childrens
multi-component, integrated strategy
needs within the context of their individual development, their family and institutional setting, and their community
Psychosocial Treatments for ID
Early intervention
Early intervention is one of the
most promising methods for enhancing the intellectual and social skills of young children with developmental disabilities
____ project provides enriched environments from early infancy through preschool years
Carolina Abecedarian Project
optimal timing for intervention is during ____ years
preschool
behavioral approaches were initially seen as a
means to control or redirect negative behaviors
Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) Task Force advocates that:
Each individual has the right to the least restrictive effective treatment and the right to treatment that results in safe and meaningful behavior change
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy-3
Self-instructional training and metacognitive training
Verbal instructional techniques
Teaching the child to be strategical and metastrategical
Family-Oriented Strategies Help families cope with
the demands of raising a child with ID
the ___ movement integrates individuals with disabilities into regular classroom settings
Curriculum is adapted to individual needs
inclusion
