Chapter 8 - Articulations Flashcards
Non axial movement
Slipping movements only as there is no axis around which the movement can take place.
Uniaxial movement
Movement within one plane
Biaxial movement
Movement in two planes
Multiaxial movement
Movement in or around all three planes or space and axes.
Three general types of movement
Angular
Gliding
Rotation
Angular movements
Decrease or increase the angle between two bones.
This can occur in any body plane and includes - extension, flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Gliding movements
When a flat bond surface slips over or glides over another in a side to side or back and forth motion. There is no major rotation or angulation.
Examples are movements of the intertarsal and intercarpal joints. And between the flat articular vertebral processes.
Rotation movements
Involve the turning of a bone around its long axes. This is common at the hip and shoulder joints and is the singular movement between the first two cervical vertebrae.
Rotation may be directed away form the midline or towards it.
Examples include the thighs medial rotation and when the anterior surface of the femur moves towards the bodies median plane. The opposite of medial rotation is lateral rotation.
Flexion
Bending parts at a joint so they become closer together.
Usually occurs on the sagittal plane.
Extension
Straighten parts at a joint so they move further apart.
The angle between the articulating bones is increased
Hyperextension
Extending the parts at a joint beyond the normal range of motion
Dorsiflexion
moving the ankle so the top of the foot comes closer to the shin
Plantarflexion
moving the ankle so the foot moves further form the shin.
Wrist extension
moving the wrist so the back of the hand comes closer to the arm
wrist flexion
moving the wrist so the palm of the hand comes closer to the forearm
Abduction
moving parts away form the midline or median plane.
when the arm or thigh is raised laterally
for the toes and fingers it means spreading them apart
however the lateral bending of the trunk in the frontal plane is called lateral flexion and not abduction
Adduction
moving parts towards the midline of the body.
for the fingers and toes its moving them towards the midline of the foot or hand
rotation
moving a part around its axis
happens at hip, shoulder and first two cervical vertebrae
Circumduction
Moving a part so its end follows a circular path, as if describing a cone in space
Pronation
turning the hand so the palm is downward facing
the forearm is rotated medially moving the distal end of the radius across the ulna, forming an x between the two bones. The forearm remains in this position when a person is standing but relaxed.
pronation is not as strong as supination
supination
turning the hand so the palm is upwards, facing anteriorly
the forearm is rotated laterally.
In the anatomical position the hand is supinated while the radius and ulna are parallel
Eversion
turning the foot so the plantar surface is facing laterally
Inversion
turning the foot so the plantar surface is facing medially
Protraction
moving a part forward, which is a non angular anterior movement in the transverse plane.
the mandible is protracted when you stick your jaw out
retraction
moving a part backward, which is a non angular posterior movement in the transverse plane
the mandible is retracted when you pull your jaw back after sticking it out
Elevation
raising a part or lifting it superiorly
when you shrug your shoulders the scapulae are elevated
Depression
lowering a part or moving it inferiorly
when you chew, the mandible is elevated and depressed repeatedly
Opposition and Reposition
involving the saddle joint between the trapezium and metacarpal
the thumb performs opposition when you touch it to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand
opposition allows us to grab a hammer or glass of water.
reposition returns the thumb and fingers form opposition
