Chapter 1 - Intro to A&P

Question 1

Define anatomy

Answer 1

The study of body parts, forms and structures

Question 2

Define physiology

Answer 2

Study of normal body functions

Question 3

Name the major body cavities

Answer 3

Two main cavities:
Dorsal (cranial and vertebral)
Ventral (thoracic and abdominopelvic)

Question 4

Describe the Dorsal cavity

Answer 4

Protects the organs of the nervous system.
The cranial cavity of the skull encases the brain.
The vertebral cavity, inside the spinal column, encases the spinal cord.
The cranial and spinal cavities are continuous with each other.

Question 5

Describe the Ventral cavity

Answer 5

Contains most of the bodies organs.
Houses the viscera (visceral organs).
Divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Thoracic cavity is surrounded by chest muscles and the ribs and is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm.
The abdominopelvic cavity is comprised by abdominal and pelvic cavity not seperated by membrane or muscle.
The abdominal and pelvic cavity are not aligned with the pelvis ‘tipping’ away in a perpendicular fashion.

Question 6

Dorsal and ventral cavities are lined with?

Answer 6

Serous membrane.
Composed of two layers: parietal membrane and Visceral membrane.
Parietal membrane is fused to the cavity walls
Visceral membrane covers organs inside the cavity
Both membranes secrete serous fluid into the cavity in between them. Allowing organs to slide across each other and the cavity walls without friction. (Heart pumping, stomach digesting)

Question 7

Define:Viscera

Answer 7

The internal organs inside the ventral cavity.

Question 8

Define: Mediastinum

Answer 8

Separates the thoracic cavity into right and left halves and contains the heart, trachea, oesophagus and thymus gland.

Question 9

membrane of heart

Answer 9

surrounded by a double walled sac known as the pericardium.
superficial loose fitting section known as the Fibrous Pericardium.
this protects the heart, connects it to surrounding structures and keeps it from over-filling with blood.
below the fibrous pericardium is the Serous Pericardium, a thin double layered membrane that forms a closed sac containing the heart.
Serous Pericardium has a parietal layer, lining the internal layer of fibrous pericardium.
A visceral layer (epicardium) thats continues to cover the external heart surface.
All these structures are housed in the pericardial cavity.

Question 10

membrane of the lungs

Answer 10

Lined with the Parietal Pleura and covered by the Visceral Pleura.
There is no space between these pleural membranes but the region is still referred to as the Pleural Cavity

Question 11

Abdominopelvic cavity membrane

Answer 11

Lined with peritoneal membranes:
parietal peritoneum lining the walls
visceral peritoneum covering each organ.
between the membranes, the potential space is called the Peritoneal Cavity.
Organs in the Abdominopelvic cavity are located either inside the peritoneum (intraperitoneal) or behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal).

Question 12

anatomic planes

Answer 12

add pictures
frontal plane - Lateral
Sagittal plane - anterior/posterior
Transverse place - superior/inferior

Question 13

define: inferior

Answer 13

a body part is below another body part or is located toward the feet.

i.e the neck is inferior to the head

Question 14

define: Superior

Answer 14

a body part is above another body part or is located toward the head.

i.e. The thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 15

define: Anterior (ventral)

Answer 15

Toward the front

i.e. the eyes are anterior to the brain

Question 16

define: posterior (dorsal)

Answer 16

toward the back

i.e. the pharynx is posterior to the mouth

Question 17

define: Contralateral

Answer 17

Refers to structures on the opposite side

i.e. if eight leg is injured the pt may have to put most of their weight on the contralateral leg instead of using both equally.

Question 18

define: Lateral

Answer 18

toward the side as related to the midline of the body

i.e. the ears are lateral to the eyes

Question 19

define: Bilateral

Answer 19

Refers to paired structures, with one on each side of the body

i.e. the lungs are bilateral

Question 20

Define: Ipsilateral

Answer 20

Refers to structures on the same side

I.e. the right kidney and the right lung are ipsilateral

Question 21

Define: Medial

Answer 21

Refers to an imaginary midline that divides the body into left and right halves

I.e. the nose is medial ( loser to the bodies midline) to the eyes

Question 22

Define: Distal

Answer 22

A body part is farther from the point of attachment to the trunk than another part

I.e. the fingers are distal to the wrist

Question 23

Define: Proximal

Answer 23

Body part is closer to the point of attachment to the trunk than another part

i.e. the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Question 24

Define: deep

Answer 24

A body part is more internal than another part

i.e. the dermis is the deep layer of the skin

Question 25

Define: superficial

Answer 25

A body part is more external than another part i.e. the epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin

Question 26

Name the 9 abdominal regions

Answer 26

``` Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac region Hypogastric region Left iliac region ```

Question 27

List the systems of the body

Answer 27

``` Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive ```

Question 28

Organs in the integumentary system

Answer 28

``` Skin Hair Nails Sebaceous (oil) glands Sweat glands ```

Question 29

Organs in the skeletal system

Answer 29

Bones Ligaments Cartilages

Question 30

Organs in the muscular system

Answer 30

Muscles | Tendons

Question 31

Organs in the nervous system

Answer 31

Brain Spinal cord Nerves Sensory organs

Question 32

Organs in the endocrine system

Answer 32

``` Hypothalamus Adrenal glands Thymus Thyroid Parathyroid glands Pancreas Pineal gland Pituitary ```

Question 33

Organs in the cardiovascular system

Answer 33

``` Heart Blood Arteries Veins Capillaries ```

Question 34

Organs in the lymphatic system

Answer 34

``` Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Thymus Spleen Lymph fluid ```

Question 35

Organs in the digestive system

Answer 35

``` Mouth Teeth Salivary glands Tongue Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus ```

Question 36

Organs in the respiratory system

Answer 36

``` Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs ```

Question 37

Organs in the urinary system

Answer 37

``` Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Penis ```

Question 38

Organs in the female reproductive system

Answer 38

``` Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Clitoris Vulva ```

Question 39

Organs in the male reproductive system

Answer 39

``` Scrotum Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Penis Urethra ```