Chapter 1 - Intro to A&P Flashcards
Define anatomy
The study of body parts, forms and structures
Define physiology
Study of normal body functions
Name the major body cavities
Two main cavities:
Dorsal (cranial and vertebral)
Ventral (thoracic and abdominopelvic)
Describe the Dorsal cavity
Protects the organs of the nervous system.
The cranial cavity of the skull encases the brain.
The vertebral cavity, inside the spinal column, encases the spinal cord.
The cranial and spinal cavities are continuous with each other.
Describe the Ventral cavity
Contains most of the bodies organs.
Houses the viscera (visceral organs).
Divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Thoracic cavity is surrounded by chest muscles and the ribs and is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm.
The abdominopelvic cavity is comprised by abdominal and pelvic cavity not seperated by membrane or muscle.
The abdominal and pelvic cavity are not aligned with the pelvis ‘tipping’ away in a perpendicular fashion.
Dorsal and ventral cavities are lined with?
Serous membrane.
Composed of two layers: parietal membrane and Visceral membrane.
Parietal membrane is fused to the cavity walls
Visceral membrane covers organs inside the cavity
Both membranes secrete serous fluid into the cavity in between them. Allowing organs to slide across each other and the cavity walls without friction. (Heart pumping, stomach digesting)
Define:Viscera
The internal organs inside the ventral cavity.
Define: Mediastinum
Separates the thoracic cavity into right and left halves and contains the heart, trachea, oesophagus and thymus gland.
membrane of heart
surrounded by a double walled sac known as the pericardium.
superficial loose fitting section known as the Fibrous Pericardium.
this protects the heart, connects it to surrounding structures and keeps it from over-filling with blood.
below the fibrous pericardium is the Serous Pericardium, a thin double layered membrane that forms a closed sac containing the heart.
Serous Pericardium has a parietal layer, lining the internal layer of fibrous pericardium.
A visceral layer (epicardium) thats continues to cover the external heart surface.
All these structures are housed in the pericardial cavity.
membrane of the lungs
Lined with the Parietal Pleura and covered by the Visceral Pleura.
There is no space between these pleural membranes but the region is still referred to as the Pleural Cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity membrane
Lined with peritoneal membranes:
parietal peritoneum lining the walls
visceral peritoneum covering each organ.
between the membranes, the potential space is called the Peritoneal Cavity.
Organs in the Abdominopelvic cavity are located either inside the peritoneum (intraperitoneal) or behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal).
anatomic planes
add pictures
frontal plane - Lateral
Sagittal plane - anterior/posterior
Transverse place - superior/inferior
define: inferior
a body part is below another body part or is located toward the feet.
i.e the neck is inferior to the head
define: Superior
a body part is above another body part or is located toward the head.
i.e. The thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity
define: Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front
i.e. the eyes are anterior to the brain
define: posterior (dorsal)
toward the back
i.e. the pharynx is posterior to the mouth
define: Contralateral
Refers to structures on the opposite side
i.e. if eight leg is injured the pt may have to put most of their weight on the contralateral leg instead of using both equally.
define: Lateral
toward the side as related to the midline of the body
i.e. the ears are lateral to the eyes
define: Bilateral
Refers to paired structures, with one on each side of the body
i.e. the lungs are bilateral
Define: Ipsilateral
Refers to structures on the same side
I.e. the right kidney and the right lung are ipsilateral
Define: Medial
Refers to an imaginary midline that divides the body into left and right halves
I.e. the nose is medial ( loser to the bodies midline) to the eyes
Define: Distal
A body part is farther from the point of attachment to the trunk than another part
I.e. the fingers are distal to the wrist
Define: Proximal
Body part is closer to the point of attachment to the trunk than another part
i.e. the elbow is proximal to the wrist
Define: deep
A body part is more internal than another part
i.e. the dermis is the deep layer of the skin
Define: superficial
A body part is more external than another part
i.e. the epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin
Name the 9 abdominal regions
Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac region Hypogastric region Left iliac region
List the systems of the body
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive
Organs in the integumentary system
Skin Hair Nails Sebaceous (oil) glands Sweat glands
Organs in the skeletal system
Bones
Ligaments
Cartilages
Organs in the muscular system
Muscles
Tendons
Organs in the nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Sensory organs
Organs in the endocrine system
Hypothalamus Adrenal glands Thymus Thyroid Parathyroid glands Pancreas Pineal gland Pituitary
Organs in the cardiovascular system
Heart Blood Arteries Veins Capillaries
Organs in the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Thymus Spleen Lymph fluid
Organs in the digestive system
Mouth Teeth Salivary glands Tongue Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus
Organs in the respiratory system
Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
Organs in the urinary system
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Penis
Organs in the female reproductive system
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Clitoris Vulva
Organs in the male reproductive system
Scrotum Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Penis Urethra
