Chapter 8: Articulations Flashcards
Articulations
site where 2 or more bones meet
weakest parts of skeleton
give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together
Arthrology
study of joints
Kinesiology
study of musculoskeleton
Fibrous joints
joined by fibrous tissues
no joint cavity, most are synarthroses
Sutures
occur btw bones of skull, comprised of interlocking junctions filled w/ connective tissue fibers
bind bones tightly together, allow for growth during youth
bones fuse and are called synostoses
Syndemoses
connected by fibrous tissue ligament
movement varies from immovable to slightly variable
Gomhoses
peg-in-socket fibrous joint btw a tooth and alveolar socket
fibrous connection is periodontal ligament
Cartilaginous joints
articulating bones are united by cartilage, do not have joint cavity
two types synchondroses and symphyses
synchondroses
a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
all are synarthrotic
symphyses
hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic
joints designed for strength and limited flexibility
Bony joints
2 or more bones that were once separate fused by osseous tissue
synarthrotic joints
no movement btw them since they are fused into a single bony structure
synovial joints
joints in which the articulating bones are separated by fluid-containing joint cavity, all freely movable diarthroses
bursae
flattened, fibrous sacs lined w/ synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
tendon sheath
elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
origin
attachment of the immovable bone
insertion
attachment to movable bone
nonaxial
slipping (gliding) movements only
uniaxial
movement in 1 plane
biaxial
movement in 2 planes
multiaxial
movement in or around all three planes
flexion
bending movement that decreases the angle of joint
extension
reverse flexion; joint angle is increased
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
up and down movement of foot
abduction
movement away from midline
adduction
movement toward the midline
circumduction
movement decreases a cone in space
Gliding movement (translation)
1 flat bone surface glides or slips another similar surface
Rotational movement
turning of a bone around its own long axis
Types of synovial joints
plane hinge pivot condyloid (episoid) joints saddle joints ball and socket joints
Plane joints
articular surfaces are essentially flat
allow only slipping/gliding
nonaxial joints
intercarpal and intertarsal
Hinge joints
cylindrical projection of 1 bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
motion along a single plane
uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension (elbow)
Pivot joints
rounded end of 1 bone prortrudes into a sleeve or ring composed of bone and/or ligaments of another
only uniaxial rotational movement allowed
(joint btw dens/axis, proximal radioulnar joint)
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints
oval articular surface of 1 bone its into a complementary depression in another
both articular surfaces are oval
biaxial joints permit all angular motions (wrist, first knuckle joints)
Saddle joints
similiar to condyloid joints but allow greater amplitude to movement
each articular surface has both a concave and convex surface
(carpometacarpal joint of thumb)
Ball-and-Socket joints
spherical or hemispherical head of 1 bone articulates w/ cupcake socket of another
multiaxial joints permit most freely moving synovial joints
(shoulder and hip joints)
Knee
largest and most complex synovial joint of body
allows flexion, extension and some rotations
3 joints in 1 surrounded by single joint cavity (femoropatellar, lateral tibiofemoral joint, medial tibiofemoral joint)
Anterior superficial structures
tendons of quadriceps femurs muscle
lateral and medial patellar retinacula
fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
patellar ligament
Cartilage tears
common in mensci of joints
cartilage is not very vascular, so healing is very slow at best
often have cartilage fragments floating in the joint that needs to be removed (arthroscopic surgery)
Sprains
reinforcing ligaments of a joint are stretched or torn
partial tears can repair themselves slowly
complete tears can be treated by sewing them back together, replaced w/ graft, immobilizing the joint until it heals
Dislocations
bone ends at a joint are displaced
commonly result of sports injuries or falls
repeated dislocation of same joint is common due to stretching of ligaments and “loosening” of joint capsule
Bursitis
inflammation of bursa caused by a blow or chronic friction
pain/swelling
Tendonitis
inflammation of tendon sheaths caused by overuse
similiar to bursitis
Arthritis
100+ different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases damage joints
Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated w/ antibiotics
chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis
Osteoarthritis
most common chronic arthritis
usually affects fingers, knuckles, knees and hips
Treatment of osteoarthritis
slow progressing and irreversible
mild pain relievers, moderate activity, magnetic therapy, glucosamine sulfate might dec paid and inflammation,
joint replacement at knees/hips
Rheumatoid arthritis
chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause
joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems
Rheumatoid arthritis
RA begins w/ sonorities of affected joints
swelling caused by inflammatory chemicals and when inflammatory immune cells migrate into joint
ankylosis
bent, deformed finers, toes
Treatment for RA
conservative therapy- aspirin, steroids, long-term use antibiotics, physical therapy
progressive treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants
Enbrel- drug
Gouty arthritis
deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues followed by an inflammation response
affects joint at base of great roe
untreated: bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
treatment- colchicine, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids (steroids)
