Chapter 7: The Skeleton

Question 1

The skull

Answer 1

formed by cranium and facial bones

Question 2

Vertebral column

Answer 2

formed from 26 irregular bones in adults that connected in such a way that a flexible curved structure

Question 3

Anterior and Posterior longitudinal ligaments

Answer 3

continuous bands down the front and back of the spine from the neck to sacrum

Question 4

Short ligaments

Answer 4

connect adjoining vertebrae together

Question 5

Intervertebral discs

Answer 5

connective tissue pad composed of 2 parts:
nucleus pulposus- inner softer nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility
annulus fibrous- surrounds the nucleus pulpous with a thick layer of collagen and fibrocartilage

Question 6

Spinous processes

Answer 6

project posteriorly

Question 7

Transverse processess

Answer 7

project laterally

Question 8

interverterbral foramina

Answer 8

lateral openings formed from notched areas on the superior and inferior borders of adjacent pedicles

Question 9

Atlas

Answer 9

has no body and no spinous process, articulate with occipital condyles of the skull

Question 10

Axis

Answer 10

has no body, spine, and vertebral arches as do other cervical vertebrae, dens, the dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas

Question 11

bony thorax (thoracic cage)

Answer 11

composed of thoracic vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and sternum and coastal cartilages anteriorly
protective cage around heart, lungs and large blood vessels
supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
attachment site for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles
uses intercostal muscles to lift or depress the thorax during breathing

Question 12

pectoral girdles

Answer 12

attach the upper limbs to the body trunk
consist of the clavicles and scapula
allows for multi-axial movement
provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limb

Question 13

upper limb

Answer 13

arm, fore arm, hand

37 bones

Question 14

humerus

Answer 14

sole bone of arm, articulates with scapula at shoulder, radius and ulna at the elbow

Question 15

forearm

Answer 15

radius and ulna, articulate proximally w/ humerus and distally w/ wrists
interosseous membrane connects the 2 bones along their entire length

Question 16

Hand

Answer 16

skeleton of hand contains 8 wrist bones, 5 bones of palm, 14 bones of fingers

Question 17

Pelvic girdle

Answer 17

attaches the lower limb to axial skeleton

Question 18

hip bones

Answer 18

os coxae, coxal bones

Question 19

bony pelvis

Answer 19

sacrum, coccyx, os coxae, coal bones
attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton w/ strongest ligaments of body
transmits weight of upper body to lower limbs
supports abdominopelvic

Question 20

Lower limb

Answer 20

thigh, leg, foot

carry entire weight of erect body subjected to large forces when one jumps or runs

Question 21

thigh

Answer 21

femur, largest and strongest bone

articulates with pelvis and tibia/fibule

Question 22

Lower leg

Answer 22

tibia and fibula
connected by interosseous membrane
articulate w/ femur and ankle bones
articulate w/ immovable tibiofibular joints
tibia weight bearing bone, fibule stabilizes ankle

Question 23

foot

Answer 23

tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

supports body weight and acts as lever to propel body forward in walking and running

Question 24

Tarsal bones

Answer 24

heavier than most bones b/c they bear the weight of whole body while standing

Question 25

Talus

Answer 25

joins to the articular surface of the tibia to form ankle joint

Question 26

calcaneus

Answer 26

forms heel of foot and site of attachment of achilles tendon

Question 27

Arches of foot

Answer 27

3 arches, required b/c segmented anatomy of foot
Lateral longitudinal: relatively flat arch
Medial longitudinal: high arch
Transverse: runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other