Chapter 7: The Skeleton Flashcards
The skull
formed by cranium and facial bones
Vertebral column
formed from 26 irregular bones in adults that connected in such a way that a flexible curved structure
Anterior and Posterior longitudinal ligaments
continuous bands down the front and back of the spine from the neck to sacrum
Short ligaments
connect adjoining vertebrae together
Intervertebral discs
connective tissue pad composed of 2 parts:
nucleus pulposus- inner softer nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility
annulus fibrous- surrounds the nucleus pulpous with a thick layer of collagen and fibrocartilage
Spinous processes
project posteriorly
Transverse processess
project laterally
interverterbral foramina
lateral openings formed from notched areas on the superior and inferior borders of adjacent pedicles
Atlas
has no body and no spinous process, articulate with occipital condyles of the skull
Axis
has no body, spine, and vertebral arches as do other cervical vertebrae, dens, the dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas
bony thorax (thoracic cage)
composed of thoracic vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and sternum and coastal cartilages anteriorly
protective cage around heart, lungs and large blood vessels
supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
attachment site for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles
uses intercostal muscles to lift or depress the thorax during breathing
pectoral girdles
attach the upper limbs to the body trunk
consist of the clavicles and scapula
allows for multi-axial movement
provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limb
upper limb
arm, fore arm, hand
37 bones
humerus
sole bone of arm, articulates with scapula at shoulder, radius and ulna at the elbow
forearm
radius and ulna, articulate proximally w/ humerus and distally w/ wrists
interosseous membrane connects the 2 bones along their entire length
Hand
skeleton of hand contains 8 wrist bones, 5 bones of palm, 14 bones of fingers
Pelvic girdle
attaches the lower limb to axial skeleton
hip bones
os coxae, coxal bones
bony pelvis
sacrum, coccyx, os coxae, coal bones
attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton w/ strongest ligaments of body
transmits weight of upper body to lower limbs
supports abdominopelvic
Lower limb
thigh, leg, foot
carry entire weight of erect body subjected to large forces when one jumps or runs
thigh
femur, largest and strongest bone
articulates with pelvis and tibia/fibule
Lower leg
tibia and fibula
connected by interosseous membrane
articulate w/ femur and ankle bones
articulate w/ immovable tibiofibular joints
tibia weight bearing bone, fibule stabilizes ankle
foot
tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
supports body weight and acts as lever to propel body forward in walking and running
Tarsal bones
heavier than most bones b/c they bear the weight of whole body while standing
Talus
joins to the articular surface of the tibia to form ankle joint
calcaneus
forms heel of foot and site of attachment of achilles tendon
Arches of foot
3 arches, required b/c segmented anatomy of foot
Lateral longitudinal: relatively flat arch
Medial longitudinal: high arch
Transverse: runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other
