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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 6: Bone and Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bone and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal cartilages

A

associated w/ bones, no blood vessels/nerves, surrounded by perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion

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2
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

provides support, flexibility, and resilience
most abundant skeletal cartilage
contains very fine collagen fibers

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3
Q

Articular

A

covers ends of long bones

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4
Q

Costal

A

connects ribs to sternum

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5
Q

Respiratory

A

makes up larynx and reinforces air passage

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6
Q

Nasal

A

supports the base

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7
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

similiar to hyaline but contains elastin fibers

found in external ear and epiglottis

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8
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

highly compressed with great tensile strength
contains collagen fibers
found in menisci of knee and intervertebral discs

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9
Q

Appositional

A

cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage

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10
Q

Interstitial

A

lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within

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11
Q

Calcification

A

occurs during normal bone growth, during old age

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12
Q

Axial skeleton

A

bones of skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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13
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

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14
Q

Long Bones

A

longer than they are wide

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15
Q

Flat bones

A

thin, flattened and a bit curved (sternum, most skull bones)

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16
Q

Irregular bones

A

bones with complicated shapes (vertebrae and pelvic bones)

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17
Q

Support

A

form the frameworks that supports body and cradles soft organs

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18
Q

Protection

A

provide protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

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19
Q

Movement

A

provide levers for muscles

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20
Q

mineral storage

A

reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus

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21
Q

blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis occurs within the red marrow cavities of bones

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22
Q

Bone markings

A

bulges, depressions, and holes that serves as
sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
joint surfaces
conduits for blood vessels and nerves

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23
Q

Projections

A

sites of joints between bones

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24
Q

Projection Head

A

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

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25
Q

Projection Facet

A

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

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26
Q

Projection Condyle

A

rounded articular projection

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27
Q

Projection Ramus

A

armlike bar of bone

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28
Q

Compact bone

A

dense outer layer

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29
Q

spongy bone

A

honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red or yellow bone marrow

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30
Q

Diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones, composed of compact bone, yellow bone marrow is contained in the medullary cavity (fat)

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31
Q

Epiphyses

A

expand ends of long bones, exterior is compact bone and the interior spongy bone, joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage, epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from epiphyses

32
Q

Short, Irregular, Flat bones

A

thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone on the inside
no diaphysis or epiphyses
contain bone marrow btw the trabeculae

33
Q

Periosteum

A

double-layered protective membrane

34
Q

outer fibrous layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue

35
Q

inner osteogenic layer

A

composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
richly supplied w/ nerve fibers, blood, lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina
attached to bone by sharpey’s fibers

36
Q

endosteum

A

delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

37
Q

Haversian system or osteon

A

the structural unit of compact bone

38
Q

Lamella

A

weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen and calcified matrix

39
Q

Haversian or central canal

A

central channel containing blood vessels and nerves

40
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal

41
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

42
Q

Lacunae

A

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

43
Q

Canaliculi

A

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

44
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone matrix-forming cells

45
Q

Osteoclasts

A

large cells that resorb bone matrix

46
Q

Osteoid

A

unmineralized bone matrix composed of ground substance and collagen

47
Q

Hydroxyapatites

A

bone matrix, or mineral salts
65% of bone by mass, mainly crystals of calcium phosphates, responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression

48
Q

osteogenesis (ossification)

A

the process of bone tissue formation which leads to the formation of the bony skeleton in embryos, bone growth occurs until early adulthood, bone thickening, remodeling and repair

49
Q

Intramembranus ossification

A

bone develops from a fibrous membrane (skull bones and clavicles)

50
Q

Endochondrol ossification

A

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

51
Q

Growth zone

A

cartilage cells undergo mitosis pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

52
Q

Transformation zone

A

older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and the old matrix begins to deteriorate

53
Q

Osteogenic zone

A

new bone formation occurs

54
Q

Alkaline phosphatase

A

essential for mineralization of bone

55
Q

Osteoid seam

A

unmineralized band of bone matrix

56
Q

Calcification front

A

transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone

57
Q

resorption bays

A

grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix

58
Q

lysosomal enzymes

A

digest organic matrix

59
Q

acids

A

convert calcium salts into soluble forms

60
Q

hormonal mechanism

A

maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood

61
Q

mechanical and gravitational force

A

acting on the skeleton

62
Q

Wolff’s law

A

a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it

63
Q

Nondisplaced

A

bone ends retain their normal position

64
Q

Displaced

A

bones ends are out of normal alignment

65
Q

Complete

A

bone is broken all the way through

66
Q

incomplete

A

bone is not broken all the way through

67
Q

Linear

A

the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone

68
Q

Transverse

A

the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

69
Q

compound (clean)

A

bone ends penetrate the skin

70
Q

simple (closed)

A

bone ends do not penetrate the skin

71
Q

Hematoma formation

A

torn blood vessels hemorrhage,
a mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site
site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed

72
Q

Fibrocartilaginous callus

A

granulation tissue (soft callus) forms within few days, capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris, fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers that connect broken bone ends, osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone

73
Q

Bony callus formation

A

new bone trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus, fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus, bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after injury and continues until firm union if formed 2-3 months later

74
Q

bone remodeling

A

excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed, compact bone laid down to reconstruct shaft walls

75
Q

Osteomalacia (adults)

A

bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones, main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone, caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency

76
Q

Rickets (children)

A

bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
bowed legs and deformities of pelvis, skull and rib cage are common
caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency

77
Q

Osteoporosis

A

group of diseases in which bone reabsorption is greater than bone deposition
spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable
occurs most often in postmenopausal women

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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