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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4: Tissues - the living fabric > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissues - the living fabric Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

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2
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve (MNCE)

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3
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

A

Highly Cellular: most mass comes from nerves
Special Contacts: form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
Polarity: apical and basal surfaces
Supported by connective tissue: reticular and basal laminae
Avascular but innervated: no blood vessels, but supplied by nerve fibers
Highly regenerative: rapidly replaces lost cells by mitosis

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4
Q

Simple Squamous

A

Single layer of flattened cells found in lining of heart and blood vessels, lungs, serosae

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5
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

single layer of cube-like cells with large central nuclei found in kidney tubules, secretory glands, ovarian surfaces

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6
Q

Simple columnar

A

single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei, many with cilia

nonciliated: lines digestive tract and gallbladder
ciliated: lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and regions of uterus

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7
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A

single layer of cells with different heights, function in secretion and propulsion of mucus
sperm-carrying male reproductive ducts (nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)

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8
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

thick tissue composed of several layers of cells
protect underlying areas subjected to abrasion
external skin’s epidermis (keratinized), linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina (nonkeratinized)

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9
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

several cell layers, stretches to permit dissension of urinary bladder
lines urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra

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10
Q

Epithelial membranes

A

Cutaneous (toughest), Mucous, Serous (least tough)

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11
Q

Cutaneous

A

skin (integument)

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12
Q

Mucous

A

lines body cavities open to exterior (digestive and respiratory tracts)

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13
Q

Serous

A

moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities

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14
Q

Glandular

A

1 or more cells that makes and secretes a fluid
classified by product release
Endocrine: released inside
Exocrine: released outside
Number of cells: unicellular or multicellular

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15
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that produce hormones

secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins or steroids

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16
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities
mucous, sweat, oil and salivary glands

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17
Q

Merocrine

A

products are secreted by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat and salivary glands)

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18
Q

Holocrine

A

products are secreted by the rupture of gland cells (sebaceous glands)

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19
Q

Connective tissue

A

found throughout the body

most abundant and widely distributed

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20
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue
cartilage
bone
blood

21
Q

Connective tissue functions

A

binding and support
protection
insulation
transportation

22
Q

Cellular component

A

each category of connective tissue has a different connective tissue cell type

23
Q

Ground substance

A

unstructured gel-like protein/glycoprotein material that fills the space between cells

24
Q

Collagen Protein fiber

A

tough, inelastic fibers that provide tensile strength

25
Q

Elastic Protein fiber

A

long, thin spring-like fibers

26
Q

Reticular Protein fiber

A

short, branched fibers that form networks that support soft tissues

27
Q

Connective cells

A

originate from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme

28
Q

Fibroblast

A

connective tissue proper

29
Q

chondroblasts

A

cartilage

30
Q

osteoblasts

A

bones

31
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and mast cells, platelets)

32
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

gel-like matrix with all 3 connective tissue fiber types
fibroblasts,
wraps and cushions organs

33
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

matrix similiar to areolar connective tissue, with closely packed adipocytes
acts as fuel stores, insulates against heat loss and supports and protects
found under skins, around kidneys, within abdomen and in breasts

34
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

loose ground substance w/ reticular fibers, reticular cells lie in a fiber network that supports immune cells,
found in lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen

35
Q

Dense regular tissue

A

parallel collagen fibers w/ few elastic fibers
fibroblasts
attaches to bone or other muscles (tendons) and bone to bone (ligaments) provides great strength in the direction parallel to the fibers

36
Q

Dense irregular tissue

A

irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers, fibroblasts
withstands tension in many directions providing great structural strength
found in dermis, submucosa of digestive tract and fibrous organ capsules

37
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

amorphous, firm matrix w/ very sparse network of collagen fibers,
chondrocytes lie in lacunae (cavities)
supports, reinforces, cushions and resists compression
found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, costal cartilages, nose, trachea and larynx

38
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

similiar to hyaline but with more elastic,
maintains shape and strict while allowing flexibility
supports external ear and the epiglottis

39
Q

Fibrocartilage cartilage

A

matrix similiar to hyaline, but less firm w/ thick collagen fibers
provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock
found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint

40
Q

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

A

hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone
osteocytes founding lacunae
supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action
stores calcium and minerals (“hard” bone) and fat (yellow bone)

41
Q

hematopoiesis

A

performed in red marrow inside bones, creating new blood cells in the body

42
Q

Blood

A

Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
cells originate from red bone marrow
functions in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes and the immune system

43
Q

Nervous tissue

A

branched neurons and support cells
transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

44
Q

Skeleton muscle

A

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations
initiates and controls voluntary movement
found in muscles that attach to bones or skin

45
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking at intercalate discs
propels blood through the circulatory system
found in the walls of the heart

46
Q

Smooth muscle

A

sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations
propels substances along internal passageways
founding the walls of hollow organs
control of contradiction is involuntary

47
Q

Tissue Trauma

A

inflammation
dilation of blood vessels (redness, heat)
increase in blood vessel permeability (swelling, edema)
Pain due to damages nerve endings and pressure from swelling

48
Q

Tissue Repair

A

initial clotting of blood
reorganization and restoration of blood supply (blood clot replaced by granulation)
regeneration and fibrosis (surface epithelium regenerates and the scab detaches)
fibrous tissue matures and begins to resemble the adjacent tissue
results in fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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