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BIOL 1190 > Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pectoral shoulder girdle include

A

clavicle and scapula

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2
Q

What does the medial end of the clavicle articulate with

A

manubrium of the sternum

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3
Q

What does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with

A

acromion of the scapula

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4
Q

Scapula

A

the scapula is a flat bone that is located in the superior part of the posterior thorax between the second and seventh ribs

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5
Q

Glenoid cavity location and function

A

glenoid cavity of the scapula serves as an attachment point for the humerus

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6
Q

What is the humerus and what does it articulate with

A
  • humerus is also called the upper arm bone
  • articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity
  • humerus articulates with the radius and ulna distally
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7
Q

What part of the humerus articulates with the radius and ulna

A

the trochlea articulates with the ulna and the capitulum articulates with the radius

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8
Q

Capitulum of humerus

A

smooth, rounded eminence on the lateral portion of the distal articular surface of the humerus

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9
Q

Intertubercular sulcus location

A

it is a groove located on the humerus

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10
Q

Ulna location and features

A
  • the ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm
  • the olecranon and coronoid process at the proximal end of the ulna form the trochlear notch which wraps around the trochlea of the humerus making up the elbow joint
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11
Q

Radius location and features

A
  • located at the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm
  • the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and with the radial notch of the ulna
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12
Q

Carpal bones and how they are attached to each other

A
  • ## the carpal bones are 8 bones connected by ligaments and arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones each
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13
Q

Proximal row carpal bones

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
- the scaphoid and lunate articulate with distal ends of the radius

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14
Q

Carpal bones DO NOT articulate with

A

the ulna

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15
Q

Distal row carpal bones

A

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
- articulates with metacarpals

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16
Q

What is the metacarpus and how many bones is it made of

A

intermediate region of the hand; palm and it is made up of 5 bones
- numbered 1-5 starting at the thumb

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17
Q

Base and heads of metacarpals

A
  • the base of the metacarpals articulate with the distal carpals
  • the heads of the metacarpals articulate with the proximal phalanges
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18
Q

Phalanges

A
  • there are 14 phalanges in total
  • numbered from 1-5
  • each thumb contains 2 (proximal and distal)
  • other fingers contain 3 ( proximal, middle, distal)
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19
Q

Pelvic girdle

A
  • made up of 2 hip bones (os coxa and coxal bones) that articulate with the sacrum posteriorly
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20
Q

Each hip bone is made up of …

A

3 individual bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis

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21
Q

What are the 2 bones that articulate anteriorly at the pubic bones at the joints called

A

pubic symphysis

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22
Q

What does the femur articulate with

A
  • the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone as a ball and socket joint
23
Q

What is the acetabulum of the hip composed of

A

all 3 bones that make up the hip bone; ilium, ischium and pubis

24
Q

The pelvis is divided into a superior and inferior portion by the…

A

pelvic inlet

25
Q

Superior pelvis

A
  • the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic inlet is known as the false (greater) pelvis
26
Q

Inferior pelvis

A
  • the area of bone pelvis inferior to the pelvic inlet is known as the true (lesser) pelvis
27
Q

Differences between the male and female pelvic girdle

A

MALE:
- the bone of the male pelvis are usually larger and heavier
- pelvic inlet: narrow and heart shaped
- pubic arch is less than 90 degrees angle
- iliac crest: more curved
- sacrum: longer and narrower

FEMALE:
- the pelvis is wider and shallower
- light and thin
- pelvic inlet is wide and more oval
- pubic arch is greater than a 90 degrees angle
- iliac crest: less curved
- sacrum; shorter and wider

28
Q

The longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body

A

the femur

29
Q

Articulations of the femur

A
  • the proximal end of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone
  • the distal end of the femur articulates with the tibia and patella
30
Q

Patella

A
  • triangular bone (sesamoid bone) that develops in the quadriceps tendon
  • connects to the femur and tibia
31
Q

What does the patella articulate with

A

the posterior end of the patella articulates with the lateral medial condyles of the femur
- the patellar ligament attaches the patella to the tibia

32
Q

Tibia

A
  • the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg
  • proximal end articulates with the femur
  • distal end articulates with the talus bone of the ankle
  • the tibial tuberosity on the anterior surface is the point of attachment for the patellar ligament
33
Q

Fibula

A
  • the smaller lateral bone of the leg
  • proximal end articulates with the tibia (proximal tibiofibular joint)
  • fibula does not articulate with the femur
  • distal end articulates with the talus bone of the ankle
34
Q

Tarsal bones

A
  • talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and cuboid
35
Q

Metatarsals

A
  • numbered from 1-5 starting with the big toe
  • metatarsals make up the plantar (sole) and dorsal(top) surface of the foot
  • proximal end articulates with cuneiform bones and the cuboid
  • the distal ends articulate with the proximal phalanges
36
Q

Foot arches purpose

A
  • the foot has 2 arches supported by ligaments and tendons
  • purpose: to allow the foot to support the weight of the body, provide leverage while walking and distribute the body’s weight over the foot
37
Q

2 arches of the foot

A

1) Longitudinal arch: made up of a lateral and medial portion
2) Transverse arch

38
Q

What does skeletal tissue arise from

A
  • arises from the middle primary germ layer in embryos known as the mesoderm, although most of the skull arises from the outer layer called he ectoderm
39
Q

Mesoderm, ectoderm and edoderm turn into

A

mesenchyme which turns into connective tissue

40
Q

How is the neurocranium formed and what bones are cartilaginous neurocranium

A

cartiaginous neurocranium undergoes endochondral ossification (forms cartilage first, then bone)
- occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

41
Q

What bones are membranous neurocranium

A
  • parietal and frontal bones
  • these bones undergo intramembranous ossification; bone forms directly from connective tissue
42
Q

What bones form the viscerocranium

A

the bones of the face (ectodermal in origin)

43
Q

What facial bones are cartilaginous viscerocranium and where does it come from

A
  • comes from cartilage of the pharyngeal arches
    endochondral ossification of these cartilages forms the ear bones and hyoid bone
44
Q

Membraneous viscerocranium

A
  • comes from mesenchyme of the firs pharyngeal arch
    intramembraneous ossification of these tissues forms the facial bones
45
Q

Development of the skeleton: the skeleton of the limb girdles is derived from…

A

mesoderm

46
Q

When can upper and lower limb buds be seen in developing embryo

A

in a 4 week embryo

47
Q

when can hands and foot palates be seen in an embryo

A

at 6 weeks

48
Q

when can free upper and lower limbs be seen in an embryo

A

at 8 weeks

49
Q

Radius Job

A

articulates with the wrist

50
Q

Ulna Job

A

makes connections at elbow

51
Q

What makes up the medial malleolus (inner ankle)

A

tibia

52
Q

What makes up the lateral malleolus (outside ankle)

A

fibula and it articulates with the tibia at the fibular notch

53
Q

What can weakened foot arches lead to

A

inflammation or plantar fasciitis

54
Q

Function of the talus

A

to bear weight of the tibia and the fibula

BIOL 1190 (16 decks)

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