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BIOL 1190 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Normal physiological conditions the body maintains for equilibrium

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2
Q

Smooth muscles

A

move our organs

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

is responsible for voluntary movements

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

only found in the heart and helps the heart beat

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5
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Is altered by a stimulus, measured by a receptor which provides information to the control center, which them stimulates effector which causes a response to return to normal physiological conditions

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6
Q

Superior

A

Another word: cephalic/cranial
- Toward the head or upper part of the structure.
- The heart is superior to the liver when in an anatomical position

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7
Q

Inferior

A

Another word: caudal
- Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.
- The stomach is inferior to the lungs in anatomical position

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8
Q

Anterior

A

nearer to or at the front of the body
example: the sternum (breastbone) is anterior to the heart

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9
Q

Ventral. How is it different in humans and dogs

A

belly

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10
Q

Posterior

A

nearer to or at the back of the body
- The esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe)

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11
Q

Dorsal. How is it different than humans and dogs.

A

back.

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12
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides)
- The ulna is medial to the radius in anatomical position

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13
Q

Lateral

A

farther from midline.
- the lungs are lateral to the heart

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14
Q

Intermediate

A

between two structures
- the transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and descending colons.

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15
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body as another structure
- The gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral

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16
Q

Contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body from another structure
- The ascending and descending colon are contralateral

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17
Q

Proximal

A

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
- The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius

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18
Q

Distal

A

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
- The phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals (wrist bones)

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19
Q

Superficial (external)

A

Toward or on the surface of the body
- The ribs are superficial to the lungs

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20
Q

Deep (internal)

A

away from the surface of the body
- The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back

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21
Q

Sagittal plane (midsagittal)

A

the sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.

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22
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

A vertical cut that is off-center that is separates the left of the specimen from the right in unequal portions. It does not matter whether it is the left side or the right side that is larger, as long as they are not equal.

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23
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

This divides the body into the front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections. Movements that occur in the coronal plane are lateral or side-to-side.

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24
Q

Transverse (axial) plane

A

an anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

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25
Q

Oblique plane

A

Cut at an angle. Not at a 90 degree angle.

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26
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of structures

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27
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how body parts function

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28
Q

Developmental biology

A

stages: growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death

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29
Q

Embryology

A

The first eight weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg; the earliest stage of developmental biology. (after first 8 weeks it is called a fetus)

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30
Q

Cell biology

A

Cellular structure and functions

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31
Q

Histology

A

microscopic structure of tissues

32
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Structures that can be examined without a microscope

33
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

34
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Specific regions of the body such as the head or the chest

35
Q

Surface (topographical anatomy)

A

Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch)

36
Q

Imaging anatomy

A

internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRIs, CT scans and other technologies for clinical analysis and medication intervention. (less invasive than histology)

37
Q

Clinical anatomy

A

The application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences, for example, to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

38
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

39
Q

Molecular physiology

A

functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

40
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Functional properties of nerve cells

41
Q

Endocrinology

A

hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions

42
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

functions of the heart and blood vessels

43
Q

Immunology

A

The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents

44
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

Functions of air passageways and lungs

45
Q

Renal physiology

A

Function of the kidneys. Ie, filters blood into urine

46
Q

Exercise phsyiology

A

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

47
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Functional changes associated with disease and aging.

48
Q

Levels of structural organization

A
  1. chemical level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ level
  5. system level
  6. organismal level
49
Q

Chemical level of structural organization

A

all cells have the same information, they just use it differently.
- C
- H
- O
- N
- P

50
Q

Body cavities

A

are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

51
Q

Cranial cavity

A

formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

52
Q

Vertebral canal

A

formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginning of spinal nerves

53
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity, contains pleural and pericardial cavities in the mediastinum

54
Q

Pleural cavity

A

a potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds the lung

55
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

a potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart

56
Q

Mediastinum

A

central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from last rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

57
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

58
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine, the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is peritoneum

59
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

60
Q

Serous membranes

A

Serous membranes are thin double layered membranes that cover the organs inside the thoracic and abdominal cavities (viscera) and also line the walls of the thorax and abdomen

61
Q

Purpose of serous membranes

A

They reduce friction.
Between two layers there is a potential space that contains a small amount of lubricating fluid (serous fluid); serous fluid allows the viscera slide somewhat during movements

62
Q

Visceral membrane

A

visceral membranes clings to the surface of the organ such as (visceral pleura; to surface of lungs)

63
Q

Parietal membrane

A

lines the wall of the organ. example: chest wall.

64
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

the classification some organs are given because they are not surrounded by the peritoneum, rather they are posterior to it

65
Q

Radiography

A

a single barrage of x-rays passes through the body, producing an image of interior structures. resulting in two dimensional image is a radiograph.

66
Q

A radiograph is commonly called…

A

an x-ray

67
Q

MRI

A

the body is exposed to a high energy magnetic field, which causes protons (small positive particles within atoms, such as hydrogen) in body fluids and tissues to arrange themselves in relation to the field. Then a pulse of radio waves “reads” these ion patterns, and a color-coded image is assembled on a video monitor. The result is a two or three dimensional blueprint of cellular chemistry

68
Q

Which imaging test does not allow metal

A

MRI

69
Q

CT scan

A

In this form of computer assisted radiography, an x-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body. The resulting transverse section of the body, called a CT scan, is shown on a video monitor. CT scan is a bunch of xx-rays

70
Q

What do MRIs show and what are they used to detect

A

shows fine details for soft tissues but not for bones and are used to detect tumors clogged arteries, reveal brain abnormalities and measure blood flow.

71
Q

What do CT scans show and what are they used for

A

visualizes soft tissues and organs with much more detail than conventional radiographs. Screens for lung cancers, CAD, and kidney cancers

72
Q

Ultrasound

A

high frequency sound waves produced by handheld wand reflect off body tissues and are detected by the same instrument. Safe and non invasive

73
Q

Ultrasounds are also used to…

A

observe the size, location and actions of organs and blood flow through blood vessels (doppler ultrasound)

74
Q

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA scan)

A

iodine contrast injected into veins, numerous x-ray beams trace an arc around the heart to form a 3D image of the coronary blood vessels. Used to determine coronary artery blockages

75
Q

Positron emission tomography

A

substance is injected into the body. The PET scan shows where The injected substance is being used in the body. Example: cancer –> caner cells require sugar, injecting substance and wherever it builds up, it can indicate cancer. Used to study physiology of body structures

76
Q

Endoscopy

A

visual examinations with camera

77
Q
A

BIOL 1190 (16 decks)

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