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BIOL 1190 > Chapter 19: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood

A

connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix (plasma)

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2
Q

Cellular components of blood

A

formed elements: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

plasma: water, proteins and other solutes

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3
Q

Name the different proteins found in blood plasma

A
  • albumins (maintain bp)
  • globulins (immunoglobulins –> antibodies)
  • fibrinogen (helps w blood clotting)
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4
Q

Name the ‘other solutes’ in blood plasma

A
  • electrolytes
  • nutrients
  • gases (O2)
  • regulatory substances (molecules that control glands “hormones”)
  • waste products (takes it to the kidney to be filtered)
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5
Q

Name the different white blood cells in blood

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • basophils
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6
Q

RBC appearance and description

A
  • biconcave shape
  • larger surface area to allow O2 to go in and out quicker
  • no nucleus
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7
Q

WBCs are very much like

A

typical cells and have a nucleus

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8
Q

3 main functions of blood

A
  • blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products
  • blood regulates homeostasis of all bodily fluids, pH, body temperature, and water contents of all cells
  • Blood protects against excessive loss by clotting, and uses white blood cells to protects against infection
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9
Q

Epithelium and cartilage do not have…

A

blood cells

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10
Q

Water in blood; description and function

A
  • liquid portion of blood
  • solvent and suspended medium. Absorbs, transports and releases heat
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11
Q

Plasma proteins in blood; description and function

A
  • most produced by liver
  • Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure (liquid pressure that results due to increased solutes)
  • Contributes to blood viscosity
  • Transport hormones, fatty acids, and calcium
  • Regulate pH
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12
Q

Smallest and most numerous plasma proteins are…

A

Albumins

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13
Q

Albumins in blood plasma; description and function

A
  • smallest and most numerous plasma proteins
  • help maintain osmotic pressure, an important factor in the exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls
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14
Q

Globulins in blood plasma; description and function

A
  • large proteins
  • produce immunoglobulins which help attack viruses and bacteria
  • Alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
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15
Q

Fibrinogen in blood plasma; description and function

A
  • large protein
  • plays essential role in blood clotting
  • later turns into fibrin
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16
Q

Electrolytes in blood plasma; description and function (other solutes)

A
  • inorganic salts; positively and negatively charged
  • help maintain osmotic pressure and play essential roles in cell functions
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17
Q

Nutrients in blood plasma; description and function (other solutes)

A
  • products of digestion such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, vitamin and minerals
  • essential roles in cell functions, growth, and development
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18
Q

Gases in blood plasma; description and function (other solutes)

A
  • O2, CO2, N2
  • important in many cellular functions (O2)
  • involved in regulation of blood pH (CO2)
  • no known function (N2)
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19
Q

Waste products in blood plasma; description and function (other solutes)

A
  • Urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia
  • most are breakdown products of protein metabolism that are carried by the blood to organs of excretion
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20
Q

What type of blood cell loves for years while most other blood cells live for hours, days or weeks

A

Lymphocytes

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21
Q

What types of blood cells vary depending on invading pathogens and foreign antigens and what types of blood cells remain the same

A
  • WBCs increase or decrease
  • RBCs and platelets remain steady
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22
Q

What is the process of producing blood cells called

A

hemopoiesis

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23
Q

What is the name of the blood stem cells that differentiate into different types of blood cells

A

pluripotent stem cells
- can only turn into blood cells (also called multipotent stem cells)

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24
Q

Why is too many RBCs bad (polycythemia vera)

A

it makes the blood thick; having O2 is useful unless you can’t transport it quickly

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25
Q

What type of stem cell can turn into any type of cell

A

omnipotent stem cells

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26
Q

Pluripotent cells divide into 2 types

A
  • Myeloid stem cell
  • Lymphoid stem cell
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27
Q

Myeloid stem cells turn into

A
  • RBCs
  • Platelets
  • Eosinophils
  • Mast cells
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
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28
Q

What type of precursor cells do platelets come from

A
  • Megakaryoblast
    platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes
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29
Q

Lymphoid stem cells turn into

A
  • T lymphocyte
  • B lymphocyte
  • Natural killer (NK) cell
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30
Q

Lymphoid stem cells cannot turn into

A

RBCs

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31
Q

What protein do RBCs carry

A

hemoglobin which carries oxygen to all cells and carry some carbon dioxide to the lungs

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32
Q

Hemoglobin contains

A

an iron ion which allows each molecule to bind to 4 oxygen molecules

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33
Q

Oxygen poor blood

A

dark red

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34
Q

Oxygen rich blood

A

red

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35
Q

Red blood cells are involved in regulating blood flow and blood pressure via

A

the release of nitric oxide gas

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36
Q

Nitric oxide causes

A

vasodilation which improves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery

37
Q

Carbonic anyhydrase in RBCs catalyzes what?

A

the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid

38
Q

What does carbonic acid do?

A

transports about 70% of carbon dioxide in the plasma

39
Q

Carbonic anhydrase formula

A

H2O + CO2—> H + (HCO3)

40
Q

How long do RBCs live for and how are they removed

A
  • aprox 120 days
  • dead cells are removed from the circulation by the spleen and the liver
41
Q

What happens when RBCs die and get broken down

A
  • hemoglobin breaks down into heme and globin
  • globin turns into amino acids which are reused for protein synthesis
  • Heme is broken down into iron (Fe) and Biliverdin
  • Fe binds with transferrin into ferritin and goes into the liver and then to the bone for erythropoiesis
  • Biliverdin turns into bilirubin and from the liver goes to the small and large intestines to be excreted from the body via feces
42
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

production of red blood cells

43
Q

Erythropoietin?

A

a hormone released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen concentration) which stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into erythrocytes

44
Q

Reticulocytes

A

immature red blood cells that enter the circulation and mature in 1-2 days

45
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes) contain

A

a nucleus but no hemoglobin

46
Q

Lekucocytes are classified into two categories

A

Granular:
- containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained
- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranular
- contain no granules
- lymphocytes, monocytes

47
Q

Eosinophils are granular leukocytes which stain…

A

red as in acidic

48
Q

Basophils are granular leukocytes that stain…

A

blue as in alkaline

49
Q

WBCs have the ability to emigrate…

A

during an invasion, many white blood cells are able to leave the blood stream and collect at sites of invasion

50
Q

Elevation in WBCs normally indicates

A

infection or inflammation

51
Q

Different types of WBCs help determine

A

different problems

52
Q

Neutrophils (high and low count)

A

high count indicates:
- bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation

low count indicates:
- radiation exposure, drug toxicity, vit b12 deficiency, systemic lupus eruthematosus

53
Q

Lymphocytes (high and low count)

A

high count indicates:
- viral infections, some leukemias, infectious mononucleosis

low count:
- prolonged illness, HIV infection, immunosupression, treatment with cortisol

54
Q

Monocytes (high and low counts)

A

high count indicates:
- viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias, chronic diseases

low count indicates:
- bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol

55
Q

Eosinophils (high and low count)

A

high count indicates:
- allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases

low count indicates:
- drug toxicity, stress, acute allergic reactions

56
Q

Basophils (high and low counts)

A

high count indicates:
- allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism

low count indicates:
- pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism

57
Q

Megakaryocytes in red bone marrow splinter into

A

2000-3000 fragments to create platelets that contain many vesicles but no nucleus

58
Q

Platelets are used to

A

clot blood

59
Q

How long do platelets survive for

A
  • 5-9 days
  • the liver hormone thrombopoietin stimulates formation of platelets from megakaryocytes
60
Q

Neutrophils function

A

phagocytosis, destruction of bacteria

61
Q

Eosinophils function

A

combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions

  • destroy parasitic worms
62
Q

Basophils function

A

liberate heparin, histamine and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall inflammatory response

63
Q

Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells + natural killer cells) function

A
  • mediate immune responses
  • B cells develop into plasma cells which develop antibodies
  • T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells and transplanted tissue cells
64
Q

Monocytes function

A

phagocytosis (macrophages)

65
Q

When are bone marrow transplants used

A

to replace cancerous red bone marrow with normal red bone marrow

66
Q

Where is the donor’s marrow usually collected from

A

iliac crest of the hip bone

67
Q

Other ways bone marrow can be helped

A

stem cells collected and frozen from an umbilical cord after birth may also be used

68
Q

What is hemostasis

A

the sequence if events that stop bleeding

69
Q

3 steps in hemostasis

A
  • vascular spasm
  • platelet plug formation
  • blood clotting (coagulation)
70
Q

Vascular spasm

A
  • smooth muscle contraction (automatic)
  • smooth muscle constricts blood vessels
  • allows less blood to be lost
71
Q

Platelet plug formation step 1

A
  1. platelet adhesion: activation and aggregation of platelets
    - platelets know to form a plug at a specific site because collagen fibers and endothelium activate platelet formation
72
Q

Platelet plug formation step 2

A
  1. platelet release reaction:
    - ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane released
    - when substances are released it activates more platelets to come to site
    - they change shape to contact and stick to each other
73
Q

Platelet plug formation step 3:

A
  1. platelet aggregation: if the cut is small the platelets are enough, if it is a big cut then fibrin is needed to strengthen
74
Q

Blood clot formation

A

complex chemical reaction that results in the production of protein fibrin which secures platelet plug (like glue)

75
Q

Blood clotting can be activated in one of 2 ways

A
  • Extrinsic pathway
  • Intrinsic pathway
76
Q

Once the clot is formed…

A

it retracts (tightens) and pulls the edges of the damaged vessels together

77
Q

Vitamin K is used for

A

the synthesis of 4 clotting factors

78
Q

What are small unwanted clots dissolved by

A

plasmin (fibrinolysin) which breaks down/digests fibrin threads

79
Q

Blood types and antibodies

A
  • blood plasma usually contains antibodies (agglutinins) that react with A or B antigens
80
Q

An individual will not have agglutinins against

A

their own blood type

81
Q

Blood type A

A
  • has A antigen
  • has B antibodies
  • can receive from A and O
  • cannot receive from B, AB
82
Q

Blood type B

A
  • has B antigen
  • has A antibodies
  • can receive from B, O
  • cannot receive from A, AB
83
Q

Blood type AB

A
  • has AB antigens
  • has neither A or B antibodies
  • can receive from A, B, AB, O
84
Q

Blood type O

A
  • has no antigens
  • has A, B antibodies
  • can receive from O
  • cannot receive from A, AB, B
85
Q

Blood typing and cross matching

A
  • done to determine a persons blood type
  • a drop of blood is mixed with antiserum
  • if the blood agglutinates it is positive for that antigen
86
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

A
  • when anti Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack some of the fetus’ red blood cells causing agglutination and hemolysis
  • normally occurs after first pregnancy
  • A + B antibodies are too big to cross the placenta however, Rh antibodies can cross
87
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A
  • genetic anemia where oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced
88
Q

What type of hemoglobin do individuals with sickle cell anemia contain

A
  • they contain hemoglobin s which causes red blood cells to bend into a sickle shape when it fives up oxygen to the interstitial fluid
89
Q

Anemia

A

a condition where oxygen carrying abilities are decreased

BIOL 1190 (16 decks)

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