chapter 8

Question 1

structure

Answer 1

refers to the way atoms are arranged in space

Question 2

bonding

Answer 2

the forces that hold adjacent atoms together

Question 3

chemical bond

Answer 3

a net force that results from the re- arrangement of electrons of atoms during a chemical reaction

Question 4

covalent bonding

Answer 4

the sharing of electrons from each atoms outermost shell ( valence electrons)

Question 5

ionic bond

Answer 5

a force of attraction between charged ions

Question 6

metallic bonding forces

Answer 6

atoms in an extended lattice are immerged in a sea of delocalised electrons

Question 7

octet of electrons

Answer 7

the valence shell of atoms can accommodate eight electrons

Question 8

octet rule

Answer 8

many atoms share , gain or loose electrons in order to achieve an octet of valence electrons

Question 9

bond pair

Answer 9

electrons that are involved in bonding

Question 10

lone pair

Answer 10

electrons that are not involved in bonding

Question 11

electronegativity

Answer 11

a measure of the ability of atoms in a molecule to attract valence electrons

Question 12

what is electronegativity used for

Answer 12

it is used to determine the bonds

Question 13

give the electronegativity difference values for the different bonds

Answer 13

02 ionic bonds

Question 14

dative covalent bond

Answer 14

covalent bond where the two electrons involved in the bond come from only one atom

Question 15

bond length

Answer 15

the distance between the nuclei of atoms that are chemically bonded

Question 16

bond dissociation enthalpy

Answer 16

energy required to break a bond

- should be equal to the energy released when a bond is formed

Question 17

how do the number of bond affect the bond length ?

Answer 17

the bond length decreases as the number of bonds increase

Question 18

what are the two types of reactions?

Answer 18

• endothermic

- exothermic

Question 19

endothermic reaction

Answer 19

• breaking of bonds \
• enthalpy change is greater than zero
• energy is absorbed
• energy of products is higher than that of reactants

Question 20

exothermic reaction

Answer 20

• forming of bonds
• enthalpy change is greater than zero
• energy is released
• energy of the products is less than that of reactants

Question 21

enthalpy change

Answer 21

the difference between the energy of the products and the energy of reactants

Question 22

bond order

Answer 22

the number of bonding pairs divide by the number of bonding atoms

Question 23

what does the bond order indicate ?

Answer 23

it indicates the stability of the bonds

- the higher it is the stronger the bond