Chapter 8&9: Fleshy Fruits & Vegetative Structures of Plants & Diversity of Leaves

Question 1

What is a fruit?
- A fruit is a ripened, mature ________ of a flower usually encasing seeds
- sometimes the ________ contributes to the fruits
-example of ___________ fruits: apple, pear, strawberry

Answer 1

ovary

receptacle

accessory

Question 2

Fruit Anatomy
-___________(pericarp) develops into _________
-3 layers of pericarp:
1. exocarp
2. mesocarp
3. endocarp

Answer 2

ovary wall

fruit

exo- peel
meso- flesh
endo- core/seed

Question 3

Fruit Type
-Simple
-Fruit develops from ________ ovary
-sometimes that equals a _________
ex. peach
-sometimes its __________ seeds
ex. tomato

Answer 3

single
single seed
multiple

Question 4

Fruit Type
-Compound:
-develops from __________
-aggregate: multiple ovaries, ______________(ex. blackberries
-multiple: multiple ovaries of __________ flowers (ex. pineapple)

Answer 4

mult ovaries (1 flower, mult ovaries)
1 flower (blackberries)
multiple (pineapples)

Question 5

Fruit vs. Vegetable
-does it have ______________?
- then its a _____________
-are you eating a reproductive structure or something that came from a reproductive structure?
-then its a ________________
-are you eating a non-reproductive structure? (leaves, stem, root)
then its a ____________

Answer 5

seeds
fruit
fruit
vegetable

Question 6

Purpose of fruits
-much like flower shape, color and odor were designed for ___________
-fruit shape, texture, flavor, etc. is designed for _____________

Answer 6

pollinators
seed dispersal & seed protection

Question 7

Examples of Seed Dispersal
_____________: typically dispersed by animals (eg birds, mammals)

Answer 7

fleshy

Question 8

Examples of Seed Dispersal
____________: Typically dispersed on animals

Answer 8

dry fruits

Question 9

Examples of Seed Dispersal
Nut: single seed covered by a hard shell (often dispersed by both water & animals)

Question 10

Examples of Seed Dispersal
Dry fruit
Samara: dry fruit with a flat, wing like outgrowth (wind dispersed)

Dry fruit: (splits open to reveal down-covered seeds [wind]

Question 11

Plant Vegetative Structures
-Leaves
-site of _______________
-Stems
-support and transport of ________________
-Roots
-anchor plant
-absorption of ___________ and nutrients
-___________________-
^^(all):
-variable functions
*all non-reproductive
-if eaten, we classify these as vegetables

Answer 11

photosynthesis
water/nutrients
water
storage

Question 12

Plant Growth
-plants grow in ________ directions
- in width
-in height/length
-growth occurs at specialized structures called ____________
-_____________=apical meristems (roots)
-this is the __________ growth
-_____________= lateral meristems
-this is _____________ growth

Answer 12

2
meristems
height/length
primary
width
secondary

Question 13

Plant Growth
-increase in length/height
-occurs on _________ and ___________
-increase in width
-occurs only on __________

Answer 13

stems and roots

stems

Question 14

Leaf Anatomy
-layers on a leaf
1. epidermis (_______ most layer)
-upper and lower
2. mesophyll
-(____________)

Answer 14

outer
inner

Question 15

Leaf Anatomy- Epidermis
Structures within epidermis
Cuticle:
-_______________, covering
-helps maintain ________________
-varies in thickness between plants
-ex. magnolia leaves are very waxy with thick cuticles (ie very _________)

Answer 15

outer, waxy
water balance
shiny

Question 16

Leaf Anatomy- Epidermis
Structures within the epidermis
-Stomata
-___________ in the epidermis
-control entry and exit of __________ and ___________
-Guard Cells
-control the opening and closing of _____________

Answer 16

pores
gases and water
stomata

Question 17

Epidermis - Stomata Adaptations
If stomata allow water to leave the plant how do plants in dry environments keep from losing too much water?
-some plants only have stomata on __________ of the
-not exposed to as much _______ which __________
-some plants only keep stomata opening during certain times
-ex. __________________
-stomata only open at ________ when the air is more moist reducing evaporation
-stomata closed during the ___________ when air is dry and risk of evaporation of water is high

Answer 17

underside
sunlight which reduce evaporation
CAM plants (only open @ night)
night
day

(succulents, cactus, pineapple)

Question 18

Leaf Anatomy- Mesophyll
Mesophyll (innermost layer)
3 layers:
1. Palisade cells
-uppermost 1-3 layers
-main site of ____________
2. Spongy cells
-underneath palisade
-facilitate _________ exchange
3. vascular bundle cells
-xylem: carry _________
-phloem: carry __________-
xylem and phloem are visible on surface of leaf jfdjskl

Answer 18

photosynthesis
gas
H2O, minerals
sugars

Question 19

Leaf Terminology
1. _______________
-simple
-compound
-palmate
-pinnate
2. Leaf ____________
-opposite
-alternate
-whorled
3. _______________
-parallel
-arcuate
-net-veined
-palmate
-pinnate

Answer 19

leaf type

arrangement

venation

Question 20

Leaf Terminology - Type
-Simple: ____________/ blade attached to the __________-
-Compound: more than 1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole

What is a petiole?

Answer 20

1 leaf/ blade
petiole

Question 21

Leaf Terminology - Type
Petiole:
-connection to _____________
-the location of ___________

So to determine what is the petiole:
-locate the axillary buds
-the bud tells you that where the stem connects to the petiole

Answer 21

the stem
axillary buds

Question 22

Sessile Plants
_________ petioles
- direct stem attachment

Answer 22

no

Question 23

Stem v Petiole?
Look for _________
-tells you what is stem and what is petiole
-only form at ____________
-not at base of leaflets
-node: where petiole ______________

Then count how many blades are attached to petiole
-____________=simple
-____________= compound

Answer 23

axillary buds
base of petiole
attaches to stem
1
more than 1

Question 24

Leaf Terminology- type: simple
1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole =______________

Answer 24

simple

Question 25

Leaf Terminology- Type: compound
More than 1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole =_____________

Answer 25

compound

Question 26

Leaf Terminology - Compound
Types of compound leaves:
-palmate- like the palm of your hand
-pinnate (paired)

*anytime you classify a leaf as compound you ALSO need to say if it is a palmate or pinnate

Question 27

*Leaf Terminology- Arrangement

Arrangement is determined by how petioles are attached to stem
-alternate
-opposite
-whorled

Question 28

Leaf Terminology- Arrangement
Don’t get fooled and assume that arrangement is about leaves. It is about petioles!
1. Locate axillary buds
2. Determine what is petiole
3. How are petioles arranged?

Question 29

Leaf Venation
Arrangement of the vascular bundles
-net veined:
pinnate and palmate net
-arcuate
-parallel