Chapter 8&9: Fleshy Fruits & Vegetative Structures of Plants & Diversity of Leaves Flashcards
What is a fruit?
- A fruit is a ripened, mature ________ of a flower usually encasing seeds
- sometimes the ________ contributes to the fruits
-example of ___________ fruits: apple, pear, strawberry
ovary
receptacle
accessory
Fruit Anatomy
-___________(pericarp) develops into _________
-3 layers of pericarp:
1. exocarp
2. mesocarp
3. endocarp
ovary wall
fruit
exo- peel
meso- flesh
endo- core/seed
Fruit Type
-Simple
-Fruit develops from ________ ovary
-sometimes that equals a _________
ex. peach
-sometimes its __________ seeds
ex. tomato
single
single seed
multiple
Fruit Type
-Compound:
-develops from __________
-aggregate: multiple ovaries, ______________(ex. blackberries
-multiple: multiple ovaries of __________ flowers (ex. pineapple)
mult ovaries (1 flower, mult ovaries)
1 flower (blackberries)
multiple (pineapples)
Fruit vs. Vegetable
-does it have ______________?
- then its a _____________
-are you eating a reproductive structure or something that came from a reproductive structure?
-then its a ________________
-are you eating a non-reproductive structure? (leaves, stem, root)
then its a ____________
seeds
fruit
fruit
vegetable
Purpose of fruits
-much like flower shape, color and odor were designed for ___________
-fruit shape, texture, flavor, etc. is designed for _____________
pollinators
seed dispersal & seed protection
Examples of Seed Dispersal
_____________: typically dispersed by animals (eg birds, mammals)
fleshy
Examples of Seed Dispersal
____________: Typically dispersed on animals
dry fruits
Examples of Seed Dispersal
Nut: single seed covered by a hard shell (often dispersed by both water & animals)
Examples of Seed Dispersal
Dry fruit
Samara: dry fruit with a flat, wing like outgrowth (wind dispersed)
Dry fruit: (splits open to reveal down-covered seeds [wind]
Plant Vegetative Structures
-Leaves
-site of _______________
-Stems
-support and transport of ________________
-Roots
-anchor plant
-absorption of ___________ and nutrients
-___________________-
^^(all):
-variable functions
*all non-reproductive
-if eaten, we classify these as vegetables
photosynthesis
water/nutrients
water
storage
Plant Growth
-plants grow in ________ directions
- in width
-in height/length
-growth occurs at specialized structures called ____________
-_____________=apical meristems (roots)
-this is the __________ growth
-_____________= lateral meristems
-this is _____________ growth
2
meristems
height/length
primary
width
secondary
Plant Growth
-increase in length/height
-occurs on _________ and ___________
-increase in width
-occurs only on __________
stems and roots
stems
Leaf Anatomy
-layers on a leaf
1. epidermis (_______ most layer)
-upper and lower
2. mesophyll
-(____________)
outer
inner
Leaf Anatomy- Epidermis
Structures within epidermis
Cuticle:
-_______________, covering
-helps maintain ________________
-varies in thickness between plants
-ex. magnolia leaves are very waxy with thick cuticles (ie very _________)
outer, waxy
water balance
shiny
Leaf Anatomy- Epidermis
Structures within the epidermis
-Stomata
-___________ in the epidermis
-control entry and exit of __________ and ___________
-Guard Cells
-control the opening and closing of _____________
pores
gases and water
stomata
Epidermis - Stomata Adaptations
If stomata allow water to leave the plant how do plants in dry environments keep from losing too much water?
-some plants only have stomata on __________ of the
-not exposed to as much _______ which __________
-some plants only keep stomata opening during certain times
-ex. __________________
-stomata only open at ________ when the air is more moist reducing evaporation
-stomata closed during the ___________ when air is dry and risk of evaporation of water is high
underside
sunlight which reduce evaporation
CAM plants (only open @ night)
night
day
(succulents, cactus, pineapple)
Leaf Anatomy- Mesophyll
Mesophyll (innermost layer)
3 layers:
1. Palisade cells
-uppermost 1-3 layers
-main site of ____________
2. Spongy cells
-underneath palisade
-facilitate _________ exchange
3. vascular bundle cells
-xylem: carry _________
-phloem: carry __________-
xylem and phloem are visible on surface of leaf jfdjskl
photosynthesis
gas
H2O, minerals
sugars
Leaf Terminology
1. _______________
-simple
-compound
-palmate
-pinnate
2. Leaf ____________
-opposite
-alternate
-whorled
3. _______________
-parallel
-arcuate
-net-veined
-palmate
-pinnate
leaf type
arrangement
venation
Leaf Terminology - Type
-Simple: ____________/ blade attached to the __________-
-Compound: more than 1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole
What is a petiole?
1 leaf/ blade
petiole
Leaf Terminology - Type
Petiole:
-connection to _____________
-the location of ___________
So to determine what is the petiole:
-locate the axillary buds
-the bud tells you that where the stem connects to the petiole
the stem
axillary buds
Sessile Plants
_________ petioles
- direct stem attachment
no
Stem v Petiole?
Look for _________
-tells you what is stem and what is petiole
-only form at ____________
-not at base of leaflets
-node: where petiole ______________
Then count how many blades are attached to petiole
-____________=simple
-____________= compound
axillary buds
base of petiole
attaches to stem
1
more than 1
Leaf Terminology- type: simple
1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole =______________
simple
Leaf Terminology- Type: compound
More than 1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole =_____________
compound
Leaf Terminology - Compound
Types of compound leaves:
-palmate- like the palm of your hand
-pinnate (paired)
*anytime you classify a leaf as compound you ALSO need to say if it is a palmate or pinnate
*Leaf Terminology- Arrangement
Arrangement is determined by how petioles are attached to stem
-alternate
-opposite
-whorled
Leaf Terminology- Arrangement
Don’t get fooled and assume that arrangement is about leaves. It is about petioles!
1. Locate axillary buds
2. Determine what is petiole
3. How are petioles arranged?
Leaf Venation
Arrangement of the vascular bundles
-net veined:
pinnate and palmate net
-arcuate
-parallel
