Chapter 1 Intro to Biological Diversity and Systematics

Question 1

Classifying Biodiversity
-more than __________ species have been named so far.
-estimated _______ million species exist on planet today
-How do we begin to classify and organize all the biodiversity on our planet?

Answer 1

-1.7 million
-10-100

Question 2

Systematics
-in order to examine this vast diversity, we must get organized.
-___________ is the branch of science concerned with ___________ organisms.
-employs TWO distinct disciplines

Answer 2

-systematics
-classifying

Question 3

Systematics
-TAXONOMY is concerned with ________ organisms, and the groups to which they belong (categorizing*)
-PHYLOGENETICS is concerned with determining the __________________ of organisms and how they are related.

Answer 3

-naming
-evolutionary history
-related

Question 4

What’s in a name?
-organisms had names as long as language has existed
-a _____________ is used to refer to an organism in a particular language or region
-can be confusing….

Answer 4

-common name

Question 5

Using common names
mountain lion pic
What is this animal called?
-mountain lion
-cougar
-puma
-panther
- its ________________ (binomial nomenclature) eliminates this problem: ____________________

Answer 5

-scientific name
-Felis concolor
(genus + species) capitalize first, lowercase second

Question 6

Carl Linnaeus (1770-1778)
-Father of __________
-developed system to categorize organisms
-still used today
-also devised a naming system known as _________________
-a standard scientific name helps to eliminate the confusion of multiple common names

Answer 6

-taxonomy
-binomial nomenclature

genus+species

Question 7

Linnaean Taxonomic Hierarchy
-organisms were grouped into categories
-from KINGDOM to SPECIES (from broad to specific)
-DOMAIN was later added
We have 3 domains:
1. __________
2. __________
3. __________

Answer 7

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. eukarya
   Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
   domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, species

Question 8

Scientific Nomenclature
-all living organisms are assigned a __________ scientific name
-uses last 2 groups (_______ and _______) to form the BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Answer 8

-2-part
-genus and species
genus-uppercase, species- lowercase
ITALICIZED/ UNDERLINED for quizzes

Question 9

Distinguishing Species
-we can determine an organism’s classification using particular traits
-these traits are used in a specific __________________ called a DICHOTOMOUS KEY
-used to key out species and __________ them

Answer 9

-yes/no flowchart
-identify

Question 10

Phylogenetics
Branch of systematics
-infers ____________ relationships based on ____________________(synapomorphies*)
-these characteristics are helpful in determining relatedness between organisms
-more shared characteristics = more _____________

Answer 10

-evolutionary
-shared characteristics
-closely related

Question 11

Not all characteristics are useful
-characters used to __________ are called SYNAPOMORPHIES**
-these groups are known as _______
*SYNAPOMORPHIES are defined as shared, derived characters

Answer 11

-define groups
-clades

Question 12

Trees of LIfe: Phylogenetic Trees
We use phylogenetic tree to visualize evolutionary relationships.
nodes= most recent common ancestor

Question 13

Good clades and bad clades
-clades are ideally constructed to be MONOPHYLETIC
-they include ____ the descendants of a common ancestor
-a PARAPHYLETIC tree includes ______ descendants of a common ancestor (reptiles minus birds)

Answer 13

-all
-some

Question 14

Building Phylogenetic Trees
-trees are built using a ________
-organisms that share more traits in common are more closely related
-presence or absence of characters is coded using 1s and 0s

Answer 14

-character matrix