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Global Environment (MCC) > Chapter 8 & 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 & 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Great London Smog?

A

A deadly industrial smog that covered London and caused death and sickness

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2
Q

What caused the Great London Smog?

A

Coal Combustion and Temp Inversion

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3
Q

Where was the Great London Smog?

A

England

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4
Q

Define Temperature Inversion

A

Cold air trapped near the ground by warm air above

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5
Q

What was the date of the Great London Smog?

A

Dec 5, 1952

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6
Q

Define Primary Pollutants

A

Emitted directly from a source into the atmosphere

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7
Q

What are examples of Primary Pollutants?

A 
--Carbon dioxide
– Carbon monoxide
– Sulfur dioxide
– Nitrogen dioxide
– Particulates
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8
Q

Define Secondary Pollutants

A

formed when primary air pollutants react

with the components of the atmosphere

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9
Q

What are examples of Secondary Pollutants?

A

– Ground level Ozone
– PANs (peroxyacyl nitrates)
– Acids
– Sulfur trioxide

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10
Q

Air Pollution: Types of Sources

Natural

A

Wildfires, volcanic activity, etc.

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11
Q

Air Pollution: Types of Sources

Area

A

Construction, livestock, etc.

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12
Q

Air Pollution: Types of Sources

Mobile

A

Transportation

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13
Q

Air Pollution: Types of Sources

Stationary

A

Industry, powerplants, etc

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14
Q

When was the CAA first established?

A

1963

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15
Q

Why was the CAA originally created?

A

protecting air quality (air pollution control)

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16
Q

CAA amendment 1990 features (4)

A
  1. Acid Deposition Control
  2. permit program
  3. phase out the use of chemicals that deplete the ozone layer
  4. control 189 hazardous air pollutants
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17
Q

What is the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)?

A

determine the allowable levels of six pollutants in the ambient air (air around us) nationally (criteria pollutants)

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18
Q

NAAQS: Primary Standard

A

to protect human health

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19
Q

NAAQS: Secondary Standard

A

to protect the environment

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20
Q

What are the 6 criteria pollutants?

A
  • Particulate Matter
  • Sulfur Dioxide
  • Nitrogen Dioxide
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Ozone
  • Lead
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21
Q

Particulate Matter:

Examples/sources

A

Dust, dirt, ash soot, smoke, spores,
algal cells, asbestos, sulfuric acid droplets,
suspended droplets (aerosols)

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22
Q

Particulate Matter:

Characteristics

A
  • Reduces visibility
  • Corrodes metals
  • Can stay in air for a long time
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23
Q

Particulate Matter:

Most Dangerous

A

• PM 10 & PM 2.5
• Can penetrate deep into the lungs, arteries &
bloodstream

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24
Q

Sulfur Dioxide:

Characteristics

A
  • colorless gas

* dissolves in water vapor to form sulfuric acid

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25
Q

Sulfur Dioxide:

sources

A
  • crude oil, coal, and metal ores

* forest fires and from volcanoes

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26
Q

Nitrogen Oxides:

Sources

A

formed by chemical reactions between atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2)

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27
Q

Nitrogen Oxides:

Characteristics

A

reddish-brown gas that gives

photochemical smog its distinctive color

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28
Q

Nitrogen Oxides:

What can it form?

A
  • Ground-level ozone

* combine with water to form nitric acid (HNO3), a major component of acid rain

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29
Q

Nitrogen Oxides:

Sources

A

automobiles, power plants, industries

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30
Q

What are Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)?

A

Mainly hydrocarbons that can vaporize at room

temperatures

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31
Q

VOC’s Sources

A

–produced from incomplete combustion of fuels
– Industrial refineries: oil/gas refining
– Industries: chemical

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32
Q

VOC’s Examples

A 
--Benzene 
– Formaldehyde 
– Phenols 
– Trichloroethylene
– Acetone 
--Toluene
-- Vinyl chloride
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33
Q

Nitrogen Oxides:

Impacts

A
  • Causes adverse effects on respiratory system.
  • Inhibits plant growth
  • Corrode metals, fades textiles
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34
Q

What are the two Primary Sources of Acid Rain?

A 
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
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35
Q

Acid Rain Effects

A
  • Sulfate particles reduce visibility

* Sulfuric acid droplets canpenetrate lungs

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36
Q

Carbon Monoxide:

Characteristics

A

A colorless, odorless gas that is formed when
carbon in fuel (wood, oil, charcoal, coal or gas) is
NOT burned completely.

37
Q

Carbon Monoxide:

Sources

A
  • component of vehicle exhaust

* Land clearing fires, cooking fires, forest fires volcanoes.

38
Q

Carbon Monoxide:

Impacts

A
  • Highly toxic gas.

* CO inhibits respiration

39
Q

Ozone:

Also called?

A

Tropospheric ozone “where we live”

40
Q

Ozone:

Impacts

A

• damages eyes, lungs, and plant tissues, as
well as paint, rubber, and plastics
• Smog

41
Q

Ozone:

Characteristics

A

acrid biting odor

42
Q

Ozone:

What is it?

A

highly reactive oxidizing agent

43
Q

Ozone:

what type of pollutant is it?

A

Secondary

44
Q

Ozone:

Caused?

A

created by photochemical reactions between nitrogen oxides & volatile organic compounds, initiated by solar energy

45
Q

Ozone:

Stratospheric

A

• Contains the protective ozone layer.
• “global sunscreen” where the
natural ozone layer is.

46
Q

Lead:

Impacts

A

impairs nerve and brain functions.

47
Q

Lead:

Sources

A 
Industrial and mining processes:
– smelting of metal ores, mining
– burning of coal and municipal waste
– burning of leaded gasoline
– Lead-based paint in old homes
– Natural: volcanoes
48
Q

Lead:

Characteristics

A

Most abundantly produced metal-air

pollutant

49
Q 
Composition of the Atmosphere:
CO2
N
O
Argon
Other
A 
CO2: .04%
N: 78%
O: 21%
Argon: .93%
Other: .03%
50
Q

What causes the Green House Effect?

A

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap some heat (longer-wave infra-red energy) in the lower part of the Earth’s troposphere.

51
Q

Name the 5 GHG’s

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrous oxide (N2O)
  • Halocarbons (Fluorinated gases)
  • Water vapor
52
Q

Carbon Dioxide:

Sources

A

burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and oil),
solid waste, trees and wood products, and
also as a result of certain chemical reactions
(e.g., manufacture of cement).

53
Q

Carbon Dioxide:

Characteristics

A

• Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere (or

“sequestered”) when it is absorbed by plants

54
Q

Carbon Dioxide:

Effects

A

Creates ground-level ozone

55
Q

Methane:

Sources

A

Emitted during production, storage and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil
– Landfills
– Biomass burning
– Livestock, manure management, agricultural practices, rice paddies
– Thawing permafrost

56
Q

Define Permafrost

A

Rock or soil frozen at or below 0 degree C

for two or more years

57
Q

Methane:

Effects

A

Health issues

58
Q

Methane:

Characteristics

A

colorless, flammable, nontoxic gas.

It is considered an odorless gas despite the fact that most people say it smells like rotten eggs

59
Q

Nitrous Oxide:

Sources

A

agriculture

burning fossil fuels

60
Q

Nitrous Oxide:

Characteristics

A

denser than air, is colorless, tasteless, and has a slightly sweet odor

61
Q

Nitrous Oxide:

Effects

A

Health issues

62
Q

Halocarbons (Fluorinated gases):

Examples

A
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
  • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
  • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
  • Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
  • Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
63
Q

Halocarbons (Fluorinated gases):

Sources

A

• Chlorine based aerosols:
– coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators,
insulation foams and man-made aerosols (used prior
to 1978 in the U.S.)
–industrial processes

64
Q

Halocarbons (Fluorinated gases):

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

A

Cause ozone hole

65
Q

What is a Keeling Curve?

A

Graph that plots the ongoing change in concentration of

carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere since 1958.

66
Q

What did the Keeling Curve prove?

A

increasing CO2 in the atmosphere

67
Q

Define Mitigation

A

Moderation or postponement of global climate change through GHG reduction measures

68
Q

Define Adaptation

A

Planned response to global climate change

69
Q

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

A

Was an international framework that aimed to set internationally binding GHG emissions reduction targets.

70
Q

What 3 countries did not participate in the Kyoto Protocol?

A

China, US, Canada

71
Q

What is the Montreal Protocol?

A

Global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of
ozone-depleting substances.

72
Q

What are the two main ozone-depleting substances the Montreal protocol attacked?

A

CFCs & Halons

73
Q

What was the goal of the Paris climate agreement?

A

strengthen the global response to

the threat of climate change

74
Q

How was the goal of the Paris climate agreement to be carried out?

A

–By keeping a global temperature rise this century
well below 2 degrees Celsius
– To pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase
even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

75
Q

Was the Paris climate agreement voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

76
Q

What is released from permafrost?

A

CO2 and Methane

77
Q

What is the Global Distillation Effect?

Grasshopper Effect

A

The process of transporting pollutants from warmer regions to higher, cooler latitudes, where they are deposited.

78
Q

What is a Persistent Organic Pollutants(POP)?

A

Organic compounds resistant to degradation

79
Q

POP Characteristics

A

–Transboundary travelers
• POPs bioaccumulate
– Organic or carbon based chemicals, highly toxic

80
Q

POP examples

A 
•PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls)
• DDT
• Dioxins from combustion and waste
incineration, smoking
• Furans, Aldrin, Toxaphene
81
Q

What type of countries have indoor air pollution?

A

Developed

82
Q

What is Radon?

A

Colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that seeps through the ground from uranium in the earth’s crust

83
Q

What are the effects of Radon?

A

Causes lung cancer

84
Q

Some examples of indoor air pollution and their sources

A

– Nitrogen dioxide ( from gas stoves)
– Radon
– Asbestos (from pipe insulation, vinyl tiles)

85
Q

What are Urban Heat Islands?

A

Local heat build up in an area of high population

86
Q

What are Dust Domes?

A

A dome of heated air that surrounds an urban area and contains a lot of air pollution.

87
Q

What are the effects of ocean acidification?

A

Ocean acidification reduces the amount of carbonate, a key building block in seawater

88
Q

What are the effects of ozone depletion?

A

Excessive UV exposure could cause cancer, reduce agricultural production and disrupt ecosystems

89
Q

What are the causes of ozone depletion?

A

Chlorine-based aerosols, such as CFC’s and HCFC’s, are the principal agents of ozone depletion.

Global Environment (MCC) (8 decks)

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