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Global Environment (MCC) > Chapter 10 & 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 & 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Evaporation

A

liquid to a gaseous state

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2
Q

Define Condensation

A

gaseous to liquid state

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3
Q

Define Precipitation

A

Water falling from the atmosphere

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4
Q

Define Transpiration

A

through plants

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5
Q

Define Runoff

A

Excess liquid water flowing off the surface

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6
Q

Define Infiltration

A

Downward movement of water into the soil

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7
Q

Define Percolation

A

Flow of water through soil and porous or fractured rock

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8
Q

What percent of water is seawater?

A

97.5%

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9
Q

What percent of water is freshwater?

A

2.5%

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10
Q

What percent of freshwater is fresh surface water?

A

0.03%

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11
Q

Define Surface Water

A

Precipitation that remains on the surface of the land

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12
Q

Examples of surface water

A

Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds & wetlands

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13
Q

Define groundwater

A

Freshwater stored underground

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14
Q

Define Zone of aeration

A

Shallow layer of soil containing both air and water.

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15
Q

Define Zone of saturation

A

Lower soil layer with pores filled with water

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16
Q

Define Water Table

A

Top of zone of saturation that supplies most wells

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17
Q

Define Capillary action

A

the ability of a substance to draw another substance into it

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18
Q

Define Porosity

A

open spaces in soil

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19
Q

Define Permeability

A

the ease with which air or water passes through soil

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20
Q

What are recharge Zones?

A

-Areas where surface water filters into an aquifer

• Contaminants can also enter aquifers through recharge zones

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21
Q

Define Turbidity

A

A measure of water clarity

• Clear water has a low turbidity.

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22
Q

What type of water hold more oxygen?

A

Cold

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23
Q

What does dissolved oxygen tell us?

A

how much oxygen is available in the water

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24
Q

What factors effect DO?

A

-Temperature
• Pollution
• The speed and composition of the stream bottom

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25
Q

What is an Oligotrophic lake?

A

Unenriched, clear water, supports small populations of aquatic organisms

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26
Q

What is a Eutrophic Lake?

A

High nutrient, poor light, low DO, Shallow water, high algae growth, warm water fish

27
Q

What are dead zones?

A

Areas in water with low oxygen levels

28
Q

Define Hypoxia

A

low oxygen condition in a dead zone

29
Q

Define Eutrophication

A

The presence of too much nitrogen or phosphorus in surface water can cause algae or vegetation to grow excessively.
Depletes DO levels

30
Q

What does Eutrophication result in?

A

Dead Zones

31
Q

What are the effects of dead zones?

A

-Threatens biodiversity

• Coastal fisheries

32
Q

What does Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) mean?

A

The amount of oxygen that microorganisms need to decompose biological wastes into carbon dioxide, water, and minerals.

33
Q

What does a high BOD mean?

A

Polluted water

34
Q

What causes HARD water?

A

Calcium and magnesium

35
Q

What is point source pollution?

A

Traced to specific sources
-Discrete & identifiable
• Easy to monitor & regulate

36
Q

What is an example of point source pollution?

A

drain pipes, ditches, or sewer outfalls

37
Q

What is non-point pollution?

A

Diffuse, have no single point of entry or no specific location where they discharge

38
Q

What is an example of non-point source pollution?

A

Runoff

39
Q

What is Aquifer depletion?

A

Removal of groundwater faster than it can be recharged by precipitation or melting snow

40
Q

What causes Aquifer depletion?

A

– Lowering of the water table
– Subsidence
– Saltwater intrusion

41
Q

Define saltwater intrusion

A

Movement of seawater into a freshwater aquifer

42
Q

What is the Ogallala Aquifer?

A

Used for irrigation of crops

43
Q

Where is the Ogallala Aquifer Located?

A

US: Great Plains- through 8 states

44
Q

What are the problems with the Ogallala Aquifer?

A

It is overdrawn from and is being used faster then what can be replenished

45
Q

Colorado river basin issues?

A
  • Very less flow as it reaches Pacific Ocean in Mexico

* Salinization

46
Q

Colorado River basin causes?

A

Drought
• Water diversion for irriga1on:
(1922 Colorado river Compact)

47
Q

Define Salinization

A

the process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil

48
Q

Salinization Causes and Effects

A

Overuse of irrigation water

The salt from that kills roots

49
Q

Aral Sea Crisis: Issues

A

Main body of the sea has lost more than 80% of its volume, leaving vast toxic salt flats

50
Q

Aral Sea Crisis: Causes

A

diverted to irrigate nearby codon & rice fields.

51
Q

Waste Water treatment: Primary

A

– Mechanical process: Screens, gravitational settling
– Suspended and floating articles removed
– Product: Primary sludge

52
Q

Waste Water Treatment: Secondary

A

– Biological treatment: Aeration tanks
– Aerobic microorganisms to decompose suspended organic matter
– Product: Secondary sludge

53
Q

How is sludge Handled?

A

Incineration
Sanitary landfill
Anaerobic digestion
Application to soil as a ferltiizer

54
Q

What are some advantages to wastewater treatment?

A

– Less expensive
– Wildlife habitat
– Human recreation

55
Q

1977 Clean Water Act:

A

EPA sets and monitors national emission limitations

56
Q

National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

A

requires an easily revoked permit for any industry, municipality, or other entity dumping wastes in surface waters

57
Q

1974: Safe Drinking Water Act

A

Uniform Federal standards for drinking water

58
Q

Grand Coulee Dam

A

Largest hydropower producer in the US

59
Q

Three Gorges Dam, China

A

Worlds largest Dam

60
Q

Overfishing

A

-Harvesting of fishes faster than they can reproduce

• Many commercially fish species are severely depleted

61
Q

What percent of the world stock if overfished?

A

90%

62
Q

Define Bycatch

A

Fish unintentionally caught

63
Q

What is Aquaculture

A

Fish farming or growing of aquatic organisms for human consumption

64
Q

What is coral bleaching?

A

whitening of coral that results from the loss of a coral’s symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) or the degradation of the algae’s photosynthetic pigment

Global Environment (MCC) (8 decks)

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