Chapter 8

Question 1

unconditioned responses (URs)

Answer 1

elicited by antecedent stimuli even though no conditioning or learning has occurred
A natural reflexive action of the body that occurs when a US is present

Question 2

Respondent Conditioning

Answer 2

when a previously NS is paired with a US (the NS and the US are presented together). As a result of this pairing, the NS becomes a CS and elicits a CR similar to the UR.

Question 3

trace conditioning

Answer 3

the NS precedes the US, but the NS ends before the US is presented

Question 4

delay conditioning

Answer 4

the NS is presented and then the US is presented before the NS ends

Question 5

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 5

the NS and the US are presented at the same time

Question 6

backward conditioning

Answer 6

the US is presented before the NS

Question 7

higher-order conditioning

Answer 7

an NS is paired with an already established CS and the NS becomes a CS

Question 8

conditioned emotional responses (CERs)

Answer 8

conditioned responses but they are emotional

Positive or Negative

Question 9

respondent extinction

Answer 9

extinction of a CR
repeated presentation of the CS without presenting the US
If the CS continues to occur in the absence of the US, the CR eventually decreases in intensity and stops

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

when the CS elicits the CR after respondent extinction has taken place

Question 11

discrimination

Answer 11

the CS is elicited by a single CS or a narrow range of CSs

Question 12

generalization

Answer 12

a number of similar CSs or broader range of CSs elicit the same CR

Question 13

salient

Answer 13

the more intense stimulus (which would be more effective as a CS)