Chapter 4 Flashcards
Reinforcement
the procedure of providing consequences for a behaviour that increase or maintain the probability of that behaviour occurring in the future
operant behaviour
a behaviour that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement
reinforcer
any event or stimulus that follows an operant response and increases or maintains its future probability
positive reinforcement
any event of stimulus that, when presented as a consequence of a behaviours, increases or maintains the future probability of that behaviour
negative reinforcement
any event or stimulus that, when removed as a consequence of a behaviour, increases or maintains the future probability of that behaviour
positive reinforcer
seen as something pleasant, desirable or valuable that a person will try and get.
aversive stimulus
an event or stimulus that an organism escapes or avoids
Social reinforcement
when a behaviour produces a reinforcing consequence through the actions of another person
automatic reinforcement
when the behaviour produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment
escape behaviour
when operant behaviour increases by removing an ongoing event or stimulus
ex: pressing a lever to stop an electric shock
avoidance behaviour
when operant behaviour increases by preventing the onset of the event or stimulus
ex: pressing a lever to prevent an electric shock
unconditioned reinforcers
a reinforcer that acuquired its properties as a function of species evolutionary history
conditioned reinforcers
otherwise neutral stimuli or events that have acquired the ability to reinforce due to a contigent relationship with other, typically unconditional, reinforcers
back up reinforcers
in a token reinforcement program, the token is presented to the person after a desirable behaviour, and later the person exchanges the token for other reinforcers
gerenalized conditioned reinforcer
when a conditioned reinforcer is paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers
immediacy
for a consequence to be most effective as a reinforcer, it should occur immediately after the response occurs
contigency
the degree of correlation between a behaviour and its consequence
establishing operations
an operation that increases the effectiveness of a reinforcer
ex: deprivation
abolishing operations
an operation that decreases the effectiveness of a reinforcer
ex: satiation
deprivation
a type of establishing operation that increases the effectiveness of most unconditioned reinforcers and some conditioned reinforcers
satiation
when a person has recently consumed a large amount of a particular reinforcer (food or water) or has had substantial exposure to a particular reinforcing stimulus.
acquisition
the person is acquiring a new behaviour with the use of CRF
maintenance
the behaviour is maintained over time with the use of intermittent reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule
a specific or fixed number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered
