Chapter 8 Flashcards
water
el agua
air
el aire
tree
el árbol
the atmosphere
la atmósfera
the city
la ciudad
pollution
la contaminación
the ocean
el mar / el océano
nature
la naturaleza
planet
el planeta
hole
el agujero
saving
el ahorro
forest
el bosque
ozone layer
la capa de ozono
sky; heaven
el cielo
fuel
el combustible
consumption
el consumo
harvest; crop
la cosecha
greenhouse effect
el efecto invernadero
gas
el gas
wood
la madera
pesticide
el pesticida
oil
el petróleo
resource
el recurso
jungle; tropical rain forest
la selva
drought
la sequía
soil
la tierra
Earth (el planeta)
la Tierra
agriculture
la agricultura
the desert
el desierto
the ecology
la ecología
erosion
la erosión
explotion
la explotación
extinction
la extinción
valley
el valle
to save
ahorrar
to cut
cortar
to create
crear
to waste
desperdiciar
to protect
proteger (j)
to sow
sembrar (ie)
to consume
consumir
to cultivate
cultivar
to extinguish
extinguir (extingo)
to preserve
preservar
to reduce
reducir (zc)
agricultural
agrícola
environmental
medioambiental
olive grove
Un olivar
sidewalk
la acera
garbage
la basura
(garbage, recycling) bin
el contenedor (de basura, de reciclados)
container (bottle, can, etc.)
el envase
smoke
el humo
maintenance
el mantenimiento
floor
el piso
garbage pickup
la recogida (de basura)
to throw away
botar
disposable
reciclar desechable
recyclable
reciclable
agreement/treaty
el acuerdo / el tratado
stock exchange
la bolsa
(foreign) debt
la deuda (externa)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)
investment
la inversión
investors
los inversionistas
developed countries / developing countries
los países desarrollados / en vías de desarrollo
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
el PIB (Producto Interno Bruto)
sustainability
la sostenibilidad
gasoline
la gasolina
globalization
la globalización
nationalization
la nacionalización
privatization
la privatización
to invest
invertir (ie, i)
to sustain
sostener (irreg.)
sustainable
sostenible/sustentable
development
el desarrollo
the economy
la economía
environment
el medio ambiente
orchard, vegetable garden
la huerta
nickname
el mote
game of bocce
la petanca
la competición
el torneo
triste, sin ilusiones
amargado/a
pig-headed
cabezón/cabezona
to leave someone alone
dejar a alguien en paz
decir, haber, hacer, poder, poner, saber, salir, tener, venir
futuro (irregular)
crear, proteger, invertir
futuro (regular)
This semester I will study every day.
Este semestre estudiaré todos los días.
el chaval / la
muchacho/a
There will be a final exam.
Habrá un examen final.
(An action that is expected to happen. The use of the future instead of the present tense or the expression ir a + verb usually implies a more formal style.)
Thou shall not kill. Thou shall not steal.
No matarás. No robarás.
(A future action that includes an act of will or power, such as a personal resolution or telling someone what he or she will do. This is the equivalent to will / will not and the old-fashioned and formulaic shall / shall not.)
This semester I’ll study every day.
Este semestre estudiaré todos los días.
(A future action that includes an act of will or power, such as a personal resolution or telling someone what he or she will do. This is the equivalent to will / will not and the old-fashioned and formulaic shall / shall not.)
It’s already 9:00. I wonder where David is.
Son ya las 9:00. ¿Dónde estará David?
(Probability about an action occurring in the present (I wonder …, Probably …). This use of the future tense is probably the most frequent one when speaking.)
He must be almost here.
Estará a punto de llegar.
(Probability about an action occurring in the present (I wonder …, Probably …). This use of the future tense is probably the most frequent one when speaking.)
I wonder what the kids are doing.
¿Qué estarán haciendo los niños?
(Probability about an action occurring in the present (I wonder …, Probably …). This use of the future tense is probably the most frequent one when speaking.)
They are probably playing with the Wii.
Estarán jugando con la Wii.
(Probability about an action occurring in the present (I wonder …, Probably …). This use of the future tense is probably the most frequent one when speaking.)
I/You/He/She/We/Ya’ll will have developed
El futuro perfecto
If we don’t do anything to protect it, we will have destroyed the Amazon before this century ends.
Si no hacemos nada para protegerla, habremos destruido la Amazonia antes de que termine este siglo.
(the future perfect is used to refer to a future action that will be completed by a certain time.)
We are going to leave (We are leaving) at 8:00.
Vamos a salir a las 8:00.
(Future actions are expressed by the present tense, both indicative and subjunctive, more often than with the future tense.
Present Indicative
Like in English, the present tense—including the present of ir a + infinitive—can be used to express future. (The future tense could also be used, although this is uncommon.)
My sister arrives (is arriving) tomorrow.
Mi hermana llega mañana.
(Future actions are expressed by the present tense, both indicative and subjunctive, more often than with the future tense.
Present Indicative
Like in English, the present tense—including the present of ir a + infinitive—can be used to express future. (The future tense could also be used, although this is uncommon.)
I’ll bring you the book on Monday.
El lunes te traigo el libro.
(Future actions are expressed by the present tense, both indicative and subjunctive, more often than with the future tense.
Present Indicative
Like in English, the present tense—including the present of ir a + infinitive—can be used to express future. (The future tense could also be used, although this is uncommon.)
I want you to come to see me.
Present Subjunctive
Quiero que vengas a verme.
(The action of coming will happen later.)
The present subjunctive often refers to actions that have not occurred yet. (It cannot be substituted by the future tense.)
Don’t forget to call me when you arrive.
Present Subjunctive
No olvides llamarme cuando llegues.
(The action of arriving will happen later.)
The present subjunctive often refers to actions that have not occurred yet. (It cannot be substituted by the future tense.)
I will have a job related to the environment.
Tendré un trabajo relacionado con el medio ambiente.
Nobody will waste anything. Everyone will recycle.
Nadie desperdiciará nada. Todo el mundo reciclará.
Unless we protect green spaces, future generations will be left with a planet hostile to human life.
A menos que protejamos los espacios verdes, las generaciones futuras se quedarán con un planeta hostil a la vida humana.
Juan doesn’t want to go because he is afraid.
Juan no quiere ir porque tiene miedo.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the indicative: Explaining facts
These clauses explain facts and their causes, often translated as because or since in English. The most common conjunction of this kind is porque.
It’s important to recycle, given that the planet’s resources are limited.
Es importante reciclar, puesto que los recursos del planeta son limitados.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the indicative: Explaining facts
These clauses explain facts and their causes, often translated as because or since in English. The most common conjunction of this kind is porque.
Because the population of the world is so large, we must learn to save resources.
Como la población mundial es tan grande, debemos aprender a ahorrar recursos.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the indicative: Explaining facts
These clauses explain facts and their causes, often translated as because or since in English. The most common conjunction of this kind is porque.
Rich countries must help the poor ones so that the latter can overcome their poverty.
Los países ricos deben ayudar a los pobres, a fin de que estos puedan salir de la pobreza.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the subjunctive: Contingency, purpose, and actions that do not take place
All the conjunctions in this group imply that the action in its clause has not occurred, because they express contingencies (a menos que, con tal que) or purpose (para que, a fin de que), or because the action cannot happen or will not happen before the action in the main clause (antes de que, sin que).
A little sun is not bad provided that you protect your skin well.
Un poco de sol no es malo, siempre y cuando te protejas bien la piel.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the subjunctive: Contingency, purpose, and actions that do not take place
All the conjunctions in this group imply that the action in its clause has not occurred, because they express contingencies (a menos que, con tal que) or purpose (para que, a fin de que), or because the action cannot happen or will not happen before the action in the main clause (antes de que, sin que).
Let’s take care of our world so that the next generations can also live in it.
Cuidemos (nosotros) nuestro mundo para que las próximas generaciones también puedan vivir en él.
Same subject → preposition + infinitive
The infinitive is used after the preposition of a conjunction when the subject of the adverbial clause and the main clause coincide. Note that this only happens with conjunctions that include a preposition: a fin de, antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, sin. The word que is not used in this case.
Let’s take care of our world to enjoy it(so that we can enjoy it) longer.
Cuidemos (nosotros) nuestro mundo para disfrutarlo (nosotros) por más tiempo.
Same subject → preposition + infinitive
The infinitive is used after the preposition of a conjunction when the subject of the adverbial clause and the main clause coincide. Note that this only happens with conjunctions that include a preposition: a fin de, antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, sin. The word que is not used in this case.
We must take care of the planet so our grandchildren can enjoy it too.
Debemos cuidar el planeta para que nuestros nietos también lo puedan disfrutar.
He calls me as soon as he gets home.
Me llama en cuanto llega a casa.
habitual action → indicative
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
While there was food, the guests didn’t leave.
Mientras hubo comida los invitados no se fueron.
past action → indicative
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
We must continue to fight until there are no more problems with the ozone layer.
Debemos seguir luchando hasta que no haya más problemas con la capa de ozono.
pending action → subjunctive
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
He’ll call me as soon as he gets home.
Me llamará en cuanto llegue a casa.
pending action → subjunctive
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
We must continue fighting without any problems regarding the ozone layer.
Debemos seguir luchando sin que haya problemas con respecto a la capa de ozono.
Cultivation of transgenic corn
Cultivo de maíz transgénico
road, path
el camino
forefront
la frente
fountain
la fuente
landscape
el paisaje
being
el ser
wheat
el trigo
old person (polite)
anciano/a
to explode
estallar
to wrap (around)
envolver
