Chapter 8 Flashcards
water
el agua
air
el aire
tree
el árbol
the atmosphere
la atmósfera
the city
la ciudad
pollution
la contaminación
the ocean
el mar / el océano
nature
la naturaleza
planet
el planeta
hole
el agujero
saving
el ahorro
forest
el bosque
ozone layer
la capa de ozono
sky; heaven
el cielo
fuel
el combustible
consumption
el consumo
harvest; crop
la cosecha
greenhouse effect
el efecto invernadero
gas
el gas
wood
la madera
pesticide
el pesticida
oil
el petróleo
resource
el recurso
jungle; tropical rain forest
la selva
drought
la sequía
soil
la tierra
Earth (el planeta)
la Tierra
agriculture
la agricultura
the desert
el desierto
the ecology
la ecología
erosion
la erosión
explotion
la explotación
extinction
la extinción
valley
el valle
to save
ahorrar
to cut
cortar
to create
crear
to waste
desperdiciar
to protect
proteger (j)
to sow
sembrar (ie)
to consume
consumir
to cultivate
cultivar
to extinguish
extinguir (extingo)
to preserve
preservar
to reduce
reducir (zc)
agricultural
agrícola
environmental
medioambiental
olive grove
Un olivar
sidewalk
la acera
garbage
la basura
(garbage, recycling) bin
el contenedor (de basura, de reciclados)
decir, haber, hacer, poder, poner, saber, salir, tener, venir
futuro (irregular)
crear, proteger, invertir
futuro (regular)
I/You/He/She/We/Ya’ll will have developed
El futuro perfecto
Juan doesn’t want to go because he is afraid.
Juan no quiere ir porque tiene miedo.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the indicative: Explaining facts
These clauses explain facts and their causes, often translated as because or since in English. The most common conjunction of this kind is porque.
It’s important to recycle, given that the planet’s resources are limited.
Es importante reciclar, puesto que los recursos del planeta son limitados.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the indicative: Explaining facts
These clauses explain facts and their causes, often translated as because or since in English. The most common conjunction of this kind is porque.
Because the population of the world is so large, we must learn to save resources.
Como la población mundial es tan grande, debemos aprender a ahorrar recursos.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the indicative: Explaining facts
These clauses explain facts and their causes, often translated as because or since in English. The most common conjunction of this kind is porque.
Rich countries must help the poor ones so that the latter can overcome their poverty.
Los países ricos deben ayudar a los pobres, a fin de que estos puedan salir de la pobreza.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the subjunctive: Contingency, purpose, and actions that do not take place
All the conjunctions in this group imply that the action in its clause has not occurred, because they express contingencies (a menos que, con tal que) or purpose (para que, a fin de que), or because the action cannot happen or will not happen before the action in the main clause (antes de que, sin que).
A little sun is not bad provided that you protect your skin well.
Un poco de sol no es malo, siempre y cuando te protejas bien la piel.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the subjunctive: Contingency, purpose, and actions that do not take place
All the conjunctions in this group imply that the action in its clause has not occurred, because they express contingencies (a menos que, con tal que) or purpose (para que, a fin de que), or because the action cannot happen or will not happen before the action in the main clause (antes de que, sin que).
Let’s take care of our world to enjoy it(so that we can enjoy it) longer.
Cuidemos (nosotros) nuestro mundo para disfrutarlo (nosotros) por más tiempo.
Same subject → preposition + infinitive
The infinitive is used after the preposition of a conjunction when the subject of the adverbial clause and the main clause coincide. Note that this only happens with conjunctions that include a preposition: a fin de, antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, sin. The word que is not used in this case.
He calls me as soon as he gets home.
Me llama en cuanto llega a casa.
habitual action → indicative
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
While there was food, the guests didn’t leave.
Mientras hubo comida los invitados no se fueron.
past action → indicative
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
We must continue to fight until there are no more problems with the ozone layer.
Debemos seguir luchando hasta que no haya más problemas con la capa de ozono.
pending action → subjunctive
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
He’ll call me as soon as he gets home.
Me llamará en cuanto llegue a casa.
pending action → subjunctive
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
