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Cellular Biochemistry > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Shorter fatty acids had (higher/lower) melting point

A

Lower

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2
Q

Saturated fatty acid examples

A

No DB

Palmitate and Stearate

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3
Q

Which glycophospholipids have H-bonding head groups?

A

All except phosphatidylcholine

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4
Q

Why are archaeal lipids more stable than glycerophospholipids?

A

Acyl attached by ether linkage (not ester)

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5
Q

Why do antibiotics decrease vitamin K?

A

50% made by bacteria

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6
Q

Melting points of fatty acids

A

Double bonds: more important
More DB = low mp

Length: shorter = lower mp

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7
Q

Animal fatty acids are solids because they are

A

Longer, more saturated

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8
Q

Does cholesterol promote crystallization or fluidity?

A

Neither

Decreases fluidity (movement of acyl)

Decreases crystallization (preventing close packing of groups)

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9
Q

Why can steroids be intracellular proteins?

A

They are nonpolar and pass through the bilateral

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10
Q

Why do glycerosphingolipids pack loosely?

A

They have larger head groups.

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11
Q

Are lipid rafts more or less fluid than the membrane? Why?

A

Less fluid

Why? –>

  1. Presence of cholesterol
  2. Saturated acyl chains
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12
Q

Locations of glycerophospholipids (Hint: based on head groups)

A

Ethanolamine and serine: Inner leaflet
Choline- outer leaflet
Glycerol- both leaflets

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13
Q

What phospholipases cleave what stuff?

A

A1/A2: Acyl Chains
C: phosphate derivative
D: Polar Group

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14
Q

Fatty Acids

A

not free in cell, too disruptive
form micelles
Even numbered C chains

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15
Q

Triglycerides

Functions structure

A

Storage for fuel
Hormone signaling

Glycerol + 3 fatty acyl chains
Ester bond
Adipose Tissue globules

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16
Q

Glycerophospholipids

A

Glycerol + 2 fatty acyl chains +
1x phosphate derivative (head group)

Ester bond

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17
Q

Sphingolipids:

A

Backbone of serine and palmitate

Amide Bond - attaches 2nd fatty acyl group to serine nitrogen

18
Q

Sphingomyelins head groups

A

phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine

19
Q

Glycolipids head groups

A

Cerebroside- monosaccharide

Ganglioside- oligosaccharide head group

20
Q

In a glycerophospholipids, ____esterified at position 1 and 2, ___ at position 3

A

Acyl groups

Phosphate

21
Q

How do omega 3:6 ratio for inflammation work?

A

Compete for enzymes that convert fatty acids to signaling molecules.

22
Q

Archaeal membrane differences:

A

Glycerol has opposite chirality
Acyl chains on C2 and C3
Tails are branched, not straight
Hydrocarbon tails attached by ETHER bond, not ester. (harder to degrade)

23
Q

Name some isoprenoids

A

Ubiquinone
Cholesterol
tails of archaeal membrane lipids
Vitamins

24
Q

Waxes

A

Protect plants from water loss

Alcohol + Fatty acids

25
Q

Vitamin A

A

Vision- too little = blind, too much= birth defects

From beta-carotene
Retinol oxidized to retinal, aldehyde with is light receptor in the eye

26
Q

Vitamin D

A

Too little: Rickets (stunt growth, deformed bones)
Too much: Abnormal calcification of tissues

D2- plants
D3- cholesterol
UV light by liver and kidneys

Calcium deposits in bones and teeth

27
Q

Vitamin E

A

Alpha-tocopherol

Hydrophobic molecule in cell membranes 
Immune function (antioxidant)

Deficiency: membrane damage

28
Q

Vitamin K

A

1/2 by intestinal bacteria, rest from green plants
carboxylation of glutamate residues in proteins involved in BLOOD CLOTTING.

Poor coagulation: prevents Glu carboxylation, inhibits normal protein function, excessive bleeding

29
Q

What CAN make the bilayer?

A

Glycerophospholipids

Sphingolipids

30
Q

Why can’t these make the bilayer:
Fatty acids
Triacylglycerols
Pure Cholesterol

A

Fatty acids? Form spheres
Tri? no, almost completely NP
Cholesterol? no, only single polar hydroxyl group

31
Q

Rafts

A

Near Crystalline
Tight Cholesterol and Spingolipids
Important for signaling: can anchor proteins

32
Q

What causes lipid asymmetry?

A

Orientation of lipid synthesizing enzymes in ER.

33
Q

Alpha Helix

A

20 to transverse
hydrophobic in middle, larger chains
Charged residues: where it’s exposed to solvent

34
Q

Beta barrel

A

interior hydrophilic, exterior phobic

side chains in beta sheet point alternately to each face, so some point to interior, others to bilayer → thus, can’t predict form primary sequence

Some large ones have central water whole
Smallest are about 8 strands

35
Q

The alpha helix and beta barrel are subtypes of

A

integral membrane proteins

36
Q

Where do most lipid-linked proteins face?

A

interior

37
Q

The one weird long named lipid linked protein thing.

A

almost always face external surface of cell, found in sphingolipid- cholesterol rafts

C-terminus attached to sugar chain

lipid-carbohydrate group (attach phosphotal and oxitial groups)

38
Q

Getting those pesky proteins out the membrane: How to

A

Peripheral: Easy, some salt
Integral: detergent, destroy the whole membrane
lipid-linked: salt usually works

39
Q

Do membrane proteins move?

A

laterally only

40
Q

Do membrane proteins diffuse freely?

A

No, interactions with cytoskeletal elements

Cellular Biochemistry (15 decks)

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