Chapter 11

Question 1

Lactose: 
Made of \_\_\_\_
Bond \_\_\_\_
Functions: 
Is it reducing sugar?

Answer 1

Galactose and Glucose
Beta 1 –> 4
Food for newborns

Yes

Question 2

Sucrose: 
Made of \_\_\_
Bond \_\_\_\_
Functions: 
Reducing sugar?

Answer 2

Glucose and Fructose
Alpha (1 –> 2) [alpha –> beta]
Carbs in plants

No

Question 3

Starch:
Made of ___
Bond ___
Functions:

Answer 3

Glucose
Alpha (1–>4)
Plant storage glucose

Amylose (linear)
Amylopectin (branched): Alpha (1–>6 every 24-30 residues)

Question 4

Glycogen:
Made of ___
Bond ___
Functions:

Answer 4

Glucose
Alpha (1–>4)
Animal Storage

Branches every 12 residues or so

Question 5

Cellulose:
Made of ____
Bond ___
Functions:

Answer 5

Glucose
Beta (1–> 4)
Plant cell walls

Question 6

Chitin:
Made of ___
Bond ___
Functions:

Answer 6

N-acetylglycosamine
Beta (1–> 4)
Exoskeletons of insects/crustacean
Cell walls of fungi

Question 7

Biofilm: protective extracellular matrix for community of bacteria. Made of what two things?

Answer 7

glucuronate and N-acetylglucosamine

Question 8

___ remove monosaccharide residues

Answer 8

Glycosidases

Question 9

____ add monosaccharides

Answer 9

Glycosyltransferases

Question 10

O-linked

Answer 10

Add to ser/thr residue
Made in Golgi
Glycosyltransferases only
1 residue at a time

Question 11

N-linked

Answer 11

Add to Asn (asparagine) residue
Made in ER by ribosomes
Glycosyltransferase and glycosidases

Question 12

Functions of oligosaccharides

Answer 12

Addressing system: where to go in cell → vesicles

Communication between cells→ recognition and attachment points
Ex: White blood cells use them to leave bloodstream and go to site of injury
Ex: ABO blood types

Intracellular localization, degradation, interaction: metabolic activity responsive to glucose levels
Ex: Protein-protein interactions
Ex: Made from sugars, thus metabolic activity sensors

Question 13

Proteoglycans

Answer 13

amino sugar (n-acetyl) and uronic acid. 
Have negative charges
shock absorption

located in extracellular
O-linked: Glycosaminoglycans

Other example: chondroitin sulfate

Question 14

Mucins

Answer 14

Type of proteoglycan
mucus in respiratory, reproductive, GI
scaffolding

1/2 Ser and Thr

Question 15

Peptidoglycan

Answer 15

Surrounds PM, makes up cell walls, determines cell shape

Beta 1 –> 4

Antibiotics kill peptide cross links

Made of glycan chains parallel to cell surface