Chapter 12 Flashcards
why pyruvate animated to alanine
enter into protein synthesis
major control point glycolysis
phosphofructokinase
Starch, Protein, and Fat: What is used first?
Carbs, then protein, then fat
What transports fatty acids?
Cholesteryl Esters
Storage of molecules?
Glucose: glycogen in linear/branched cells
Protein: muscles/cellular proteins
Fat: Adipose tissue (Triacylglycerols)
Fat can’t be stored like hydrophilic molecules
Fatty acids cleaved
Packaged into cholesterol contained molecules and accompanied by proteins throughout circulatory system.
Fatty acids reattached and stored as triacylglycerols in fat tissue
Digestion takes place _____ and is catalyzed by ____
extracellularly; hydrolytic enzymes
What breaks down starch?
Salivary amylase: breaks down starch (amylose and amylopectin)
What breaks down proteins?
Gastric/pancreatic proteases (e.i. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase) degrade proteins to small peptides and aminos.
What breaks down fat?
Lipases: catalyze release of fatty acids from triacylglycerols.
What stores monosaccharides as glycogen?
liver and muscles
What is required to synthesize nucleotides
Amino acids and glucose
Degradation of glucose (glycogen –> G1P)
phosphorolysis, catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase
2 mechanisms for degradation
- Lysosome
2. Proteasome
Lysosome
has hydrolytic enzymes in vesicle, protein unfolded before it enters which requires energy
Proteasome
Multiple active sites, enzyme hydrolysis
3 active sites: Beta 1, 2, 5
release peptides of ~8 residues
C-terminus of ubiquitin to lysine side chain of preceding ubiquitin
4 ubiquitin for destruction
BARALLEL CAP at the end of proteasome barrel regulates entry of ubiquitinated proteins into inner chamber.
What is disposed of by Urea?
Nitrogen
How do you get carbon from sugar?
Transanimation to protein
Can fat –> Protein?
NO
Brain likes _____
Intestine likes ___
Heart likes ___
ketone bodies (glucose)
amino acids
fatty acids
Fatty acids built
sequential addition of 2C units from acetyl-CoA: fatty acid breakdown yield acetyl-CoA.
Catabolize
breakdown to small, oxidize
Redox active portion of NAD(P)+
nicotinamide group which accepts hydride ion to form NADH or NADPH
NAD(P)+ is ____
NAD(P)H is __
+ oxidized
Reduced
NAD+ usually
catabolic
NADP+ usually
anabolic
Why can ubiquinone diffuse through membrane?
Hydrophobic tail with 10x 5C isoprenoid units,
How do you re-oxidize reduced cofactors?
1) Anabolic Reactions
2) Synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi
Thiamine (B1)
aka TPP
Converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
Prosthetic group
Niacin
component of NAD(P)+, is missing in disease pellagra and can be obtained by tryptophan.
What is energy currency for cell signaling and protein synthesis reaction
GTP
In muscles ___ transfers phosphoryl group to ADP to make ATP
Phosphocreatine
