Chapter 12

Question 1

why pyruvate animated to alanine

Answer 1

enter into protein synthesis

Question 2

major control point glycolysis

Answer 2

phosphofructokinase

Question 3

Starch, Protein, and Fat: What is used first?

Answer 3

Carbs, then protein, then fat

Question 4

What transports fatty acids?

Answer 4

Cholesteryl Esters

Question 5

Storage of molecules?

Answer 5

Glucose: glycogen in linear/branched cells
Protein: muscles/cellular proteins
Fat: Adipose tissue (Triacylglycerols)

Question 6

Fat can’t be stored like hydrophilic molecules

Answer 6

Fatty acids cleaved
Packaged into cholesterol contained molecules and accompanied by proteins throughout circulatory system.
Fatty acids reattached and stored as triacylglycerols in fat tissue

Question 7

Digestion takes place _____ and is catalyzed by ____

Answer 7

extracellularly; hydrolytic enzymes

Question 8

What breaks down starch?

Answer 8

Salivary amylase: breaks down starch (amylose and amylopectin)

Question 9

What breaks down proteins?

Answer 9

Gastric/pancreatic proteases (e.i. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase) degrade proteins to small peptides and aminos.

Question 10

What breaks down fat?

Answer 10

Lipases: catalyze release of fatty acids from triacylglycerols.

Question 11

What stores monosaccharides as glycogen?

Answer 11

liver and muscles

Question 12

What is required to synthesize nucleotides

Answer 12

Amino acids and glucose

Question 13

Degradation of glucose (glycogen –> G1P)

Answer 13

phosphorolysis, catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase

Question 14

2 mechanisms for degradation

Answer 14

1. Lysosome

2. Proteasome

Question 15

Lysosome

Answer 15

has hydrolytic enzymes in vesicle, protein unfolded before it enters which requires energy

Question 16

Proteasome

Answer 16

Multiple active sites, enzyme hydrolysis
3 active sites: Beta 1, 2, 5

release peptides of ~8 residues

C-terminus of ubiquitin to lysine side chain of preceding ubiquitin

4 ubiquitin for destruction

BARALLEL CAP at the end of proteasome barrel regulates entry of ubiquitinated proteins into inner chamber.

Question 17

What is disposed of by Urea?

Answer 17

Nitrogen

Question 18

How do you get carbon from sugar?

Answer 18

Transanimation to protein

Question 19

Can fat –> Protein?

Answer 19

NO

Question 20

Brain likes _____
Intestine likes ___
Heart likes ___

Answer 20

ketone bodies (glucose)
amino acids
fatty acids

Question 21

Fatty acids built

Answer 21

sequential addition of 2C units from acetyl-CoA: fatty acid breakdown yield acetyl-CoA.

Question 22

Catabolize

Answer 22

breakdown to small, oxidize

Question 23

Redox active portion of NAD(P)+

Answer 23

nicotinamide group which accepts hydride ion to form NADH or NADPH

Question 24

NAD(P)+ is ____

NAD(P)H is __

Answer 24

+ oxidized

Reduced

Question 25

NAD+ usually

Answer 25

catabolic

Question 26

NADP+ usually

Answer 26

anabolic

Question 27

Why can ubiquinone diffuse through membrane?

Answer 27

Hydrophobic tail with 10x 5C isoprenoid units,

Question 28

How do you re-oxidize reduced cofactors?

Answer 28

1) Anabolic Reactions

2) Synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

Question 29

Thiamine (B1)

Answer 29

aka TPP
Converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
Prosthetic group

Question 30

Niacin

Answer 30

component of NAD(P)+, is missing in disease pellagra and can be obtained by tryptophan.

Question 31

What is energy currency for cell signaling and protein synthesis reaction

Answer 31

GTP

Question 32

In muscles ___ transfers phosphoryl group to ADP to make ATP

Answer 32

Phosphocreatine