Chapter 8 Flashcards by S T

Only points at which movements of bones can occur

Joints/Articulations

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What are the two ways in which joints are categorized?

Function (ROM)

Structure (anatomical organization)

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Joints that do not allow movement

Synarthrosis (syn-, together + arthrosis, articulation)

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Joints that allow some movement

Amphiarthrosis (amphi-, on both sides)

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Freely movable joint

Diarthrosis

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Located between bones of the skull

Suture

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Joints held together by fibrous connective tissue

Fibrous

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Synarthrotic joint binding teeth to bony sockets in maxillae and mandible

Gomphosis (gomphos, bolt)

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Amphiarthrotic joint with bones connected by a ligament

Example: distal joint between tibia and fibula

Syndesmosis (desmos, a band or ligament)

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Joints held together by cartilage

Cartilaginous

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Synarthrotic joint formed by a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones
Example: between ends of the first pair of ribs and the sternum

Synchondrosis (syn, together + chondros, cartilage)

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Amphiarthrotic joint where articulating bones separated by pad of fibrocartilage
Example: joint between the two pubic bones

Symphysis

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Synarthrotic, totally rigid, immovable joint
Formed when bones fuse
Example: frontal suture and epiphyseal lines

Synostosis

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Diarthrotic joints
Permit wider range of motion than any other joint type
Located at the ends of long bones

Synovial

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Slick and smooth coating covering bones at a joint

Articular cartilage

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Function of articular cartilage

Reduces friction

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Sac enclosing the articular ends of the bones in a joint

Joint capsule

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Lines the interior of the joint capsule and secretes fluid into the joint cavity

Synovial membrane

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Fluid produced by the synovial membrane

Synovial fluid

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Function of synovial fluid

Lubrication
Nutrient distribution
Shock absorption

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Is the tendon of the quadriceps muscle part of the knee?

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Small, thin, fluid-filled pocket filled with synovial fluid and lined by synovial membrane

Bursa

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Function of bursa

Acts as shock absorber

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Localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane

Fat pads

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Pad of fibrocartilage between opposing bones in a synovial joint

Meniscus

Greater range of motion results in _____ joints.

weaker

Movement beyond the normal range of motion

Dislocation or luxation

Are there pain receptors inside a joint?

Linear motion | Permits sliding motion in any direction on a relatively flat surface

Gliding

Movement along two axes in one plane | Also involves a change in angle

Angular motion

Proximal end of bone remains fixed while distal end moves in a path of drawing a circle

Circumduction

Movement around the longitudinal axis | Bone end remains fixed, and the shaft rotates

Rotation

Decreases the angle of the joint

Flexion

Increases the angle of the joint

Extension

Extension past the anatomical position

Hyperextension

Refers to bending the vertebral column to the side

Lateral flexion

Upward movement of the foot or toes

Dorsiflexion

Movement extending the ankle as in standing on tiptoe

Plantar flexion

Movement away from the longitudinal axis in the frontal plane Spreading fingers or toes apart

Abduction

Movement toward the longitudinal axis in the frontal plane | Bringing fingers or toes together

Adduction

Movement of the trunk

left and right rotation

Anterior surface of a limb turns toward the long axis of the trunk

Medial rotation (internal or inward rotation)

Anterior surface of a limb turns away from the long axis of the trunk

Lateral rotation (external or outward rotation)

Pronation

Movement inward

Supination

Movement outward

Movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm or pads of other fingers Enables grasping objects

Opposition

Twisting motion turning the sole inward

Inversion

Opposing motion turning the sole outward

Eversion

Moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane

Protraction

Reverse of protraction; returning the body part to normal position

Retraction

Moving a body part inferiorly (as in opening your jaw)

Depression

Moving a body part superiorly (as in closing your jaw)

Elevation

Joints of the appendicular skeleton are stronger or weaker than axial skeleton joints?

weaker

Intervertebral discs account for what portion of the length of the vertebral column?

1/4

Caused by weakened posterior longitudinal ligaments | Allows compression of nucleus pulposus and distortion of anulus fibrosus

Bulging disc

Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus and protrudes into the vertebral canal Compresses spinal nerves

Herniated disc

Inadequate ossification leading to loss of bone mass

Osteopenia

Loss of bone mass, along with reduced cushioning of intervertebral discs, leads to increasing incidence of vertebral fractures in elderly

Osteoporosis

Greatest range of motion of any joint

Shoulder joint or glenohumoral joint

Most frequently dislocated joint

Shoulder joint or glenohumoral joint

Articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Ball-and-socket diarthrosis

Articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum (deep fossa) of the hip bone

Hip joint

Complex hinge joint involving humerus, radius, and ulna

Elbow joint

Partial dislocation of the radial head from annular ligament

nursemaid’s elbow

Capitulum of humerus articulates with head of radius

Humeroradial joint

Works like a door hinge where trochlea of humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna

Humeroulnar joint

Is the proximal radioulnar joint part of the elbow joint?

Stabilizes the lateral surface of the elbow joint

Radial collateral ligament

Binds the head of the radius to the ulna

Annular ligament

Stabilizes the medial surface of the elbow joint

Ulnar collateral ligament

The knee joint contains ___ separate articulations.

Provides lateral support of the knee

LCL

Provides medial support of the knee

MCL

Run between femur and heads of the tibia and fibula

Popliteal ligaments

Pair of fibrocartilage pads between femoral and tibial surfaces that act as cushions and provide lateral stability

Medial and lateral menisci

Limit the anterior/posterior movement of the tibia

Cruciate (cruciatus, cross) ligaments

“Locking” knee in extended position

ACL

General term indicating pain and stiffness in the bones and/or muscles

Rheumatism

All rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints

Arthritis

Most common form of arthritis | Cumulative effects of wear and tear on joints

Osteoarthritis

Allows exploration of a joint without major surgery | Narrow, flexible fiberoptic tube with tiny camera

Arthroscope

Allows visualization of soft tissue outside the joint cavity, not visible with arthroscope

MRI

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(82 cards)