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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The axial skeleton forms the _____ axis of the body.

A

longitudinal

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2
Q

Four components of the axial skeleton

A

Skull and associated bones
Thoracic cage
Vertebral column
Supplemental cartilages

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3
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

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4
Q

The axial skeleton makes up what percentage of bones in the human body?

A

40 percent

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5
Q

Joints of the axial skeleton are _____ in movement, but very _____.

A

movement

strong

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6
Q

Three functions of the muscles attached to the axial skeleton

A

Adjust the position of the head, neck, and trunk
Perform respiratory movements
Stabilize or position parts of the appendicular skeleton that support the limbs

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7
Q

Connected by ligaments to the inferior surface of the temporal bones

A

Hyoid

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8
Q

Located within the temporal bones (3 on each side)

A

auditory ossicles

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9
Q

Functions of facial bones

A

Protect and support entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts
Provide attachment points for muscles that
Control facial expression
Assist in manipulation of food

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10
Q

Fluid-filled chamber that cushions and supports the brain

A

cranial cavity

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11
Q

Enclose the cranial cavity

A

Cranial bones

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12
Q

Attachment point for blood vessels, nerves, and membranes stabilizing the position of the brain

A

Inner surface of cranial bones

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13
Q

Attachment point for muscles that move the eyes, jaws, and head

A

Outer surface of cranial bones

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14
Q

Roof of the skull formed by the occipital, parietal, and frontal bones

A

Calvaria (skullcap)

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15
Q

Joints (articulations) between the skull bones of adults that are immovable and held together by dense fibrous connective tissue

A

Sutures

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16
Q

Four major sutures of the skull

A

Coronal
Squamous
Sagittal
Lambdoid

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17
Q

attaches frontal to parietal bones

A

Coronal suture

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18
Q

attaches temporal and parietal bones

A

Squamous suture

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19
Q

attaches parietal bones

A

Sagittal suture

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20
Q

attaches occipital to parietal bones

A

Lambdoid suture

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21
Q

Sutural bones may be present along this suture

A

Lamboid suture

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22
Q

Support superior portion of the bridge of the nose

A

Nasal bones

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23
Q

Form part of medial wall of the orbit (eye socket)

A

Lacrimal bones

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24
Q

Form the posterior portion of the hard palate and contribute to the floor of each orbit

A

Palatine bones

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25
Q

Form part of the cheekbone and contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit

A

Zygomatic bones

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26
Q

Form inferior orbital rim, the upper jaw, lateral margins of the external nares, and most of hard palate and support the upper teeth

A

Maxillae

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27
Q

Increase epithelial surface area to warm and humidify inhaled air and create turbulence in air entering the nasal cavity

A

Inferior nasal conchae

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28
Q

Forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum

A

Vomer

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29
Q

Forms the lower jaw

A

Mandible

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30
Q

Which bones dominate the anterior aspect of the skull?

A

Facial bones

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31
Q

Forms the anterior portion of the cranium and roof of the orbits

A

Frontal bone

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32
Q

Forms part of the floor of the cranium
Unites facial and cranial bones
Acts as a cross-brace to strengthen sides of the skull

A

Sphenoid bone

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33
Q

Forms the anteromedial floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity, part of nasal septum and medial orbital wall

A

Ethmoid bone

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34
Q

Form part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium

A

Parietal bones

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35
Q

Contributes to the posterior, lateral, and inferior cranial surfaces

A

Occipital bone

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36
Q

Attachment point for ligament that helps stabilize the vertebrae of the neck

A

External occipital crest

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37
Q

Form part of the lateral wall of the cranium
Articulate with the mandible and facial bones
Surround the sense organs of the inner ear

A

Temporal bones

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38
Q

Attachment site for muscles closing the jaw and moving the head

A

Temporal bones

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39
Q

Attachment for muscles that rotate or extend head

A

Mastoid process

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40
Q

Attached to ligaments supporting the hyoid bone and tendons of several muscles

A

Styloid process

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41
Q

Canal beginning on lateral surface of the temporal bone and ending at the tympanic membrane

A

External acoustic meatus

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42
Q

Articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch

A

Zygomatic process

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43
Q

Attachment site for several facial muscles

A

Mental protuberance

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44
Q

Projecting ridges of maxillae and mandible

A

Alveolar processes

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45
Q

Articulation site for temporal bone and mandible

A

Mandibular fossa

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46
Q

Articulation site between skull and first cervical vertebra

A

Occipital condyles

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47
Q

Passage for optic nerves from eyes to the brain

A

Optic canals

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48
Q

Saddle-shaped enclosure

A

Sella turcica

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49
Q

Depression in the sella turcica

Supports and protects the pituitary gland

A

Hypophyseal fossa (pituitary fossa)

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50
Q

Extend horizontally anterior to the sella turcica

A

Lesser wings

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51
Q

Extend laterally from the body

Form part of the cranial floor and posterior wall of the orbit

A

Greater wings

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52
Q

Three parts of the ethmoid bone

A

Cribform plate
Lateral masses
Perpendicular plate

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53
Q

Forms anteromedial cranial floor and nasal cavity roof

Olfactory foramina permit passage of olfactory nerves for sense of smell

A

Cribriform plate

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54
Q

Bony ridge that projects superior to cribriform plate

A

Crista galli

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55
Q

Interconnected air cells that open into the nasal cavity within the paired lateral masses

A

ethmoidal labyrinth

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56
Q

Two sets of delicate projections within the paired lateral masses

A

Superior nasal conchae

Middle nasal conchae

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57
Q

Forms part of the nasal septum

A

Perpendicular plate

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58
Q

Forms posterior portion of the hard palate and contributes to the floor of each orbit

A

Palatine bone

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59
Q

Forms part of the floor of the orbit

Contains a small sinus that usually opens into the sphenoidal sinus

A

Orbital process

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60
Q

Forms the posterior part of the hard palate

A

Horizontal plate

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61
Q

Extends from the horizontal plate to the orbital process

A

Perpendicular plate

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62
Q

Collections of facial bones protecting sense organs

A

Complexes

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63
Q

Surrounds the nasal conchae

A

Nasal complex

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64
Q

Each orbital complex contains one ____ and is formed by ____ bones.

A

eye

7

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65
Q

Includes bones that enclose the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses

A

Nasal complex

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66
Q

Inflammation of the sinuses

A

sinusitis

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67
Q

Air-filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities

A

Paranasal sinuses

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68
Q

Functions of the Paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten the skull
Allow the voice to resonate
Provide extensive area of mucous epithelium

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69
Q

Secrete mucus to flush the nasal cavity surfaces

A

Ethmoid air cells

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70
Q

Generally appear after age 6; may not develop

A

Frontal sinuses

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71
Q

Open into the sphenoidal sinuses

A

Palatine sinuses

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72
Q

Secrete mucus to flush inferior nasal cavity surfaces

Largest sinuses

A

Maxillary sinuses

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73
Q

Only movable bone of the skull

A

mandible

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74
Q

Entrance to the mandibular canal

Passageway for blood vessels and nerves supplying the lower teeth

A

Mandibular foramen

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75
Q

Supports the larynx

Body is the attachment site for muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue

A

Hyoid bone

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76
Q

Located within each middle ear cavity
Enclosed in petrous part of the temporal bone
Play key role in hearing
Conduct vibrations from the tympanic membrane to internal ear

A

Auditory ossicles

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77
Q

Three bones of auditory ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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78
Q

Large fibrous areas between cranial bones of infants and small children
Ease passage of head through birth canal
Allow for cranial growth to keep pace with brain growth in later fetal stages

A

Fontanelles

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79
Q

Over time, fontanelles are replaced with _____.

A

sutures

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80
Q

All fontanelles are replaced before age _____ when the brain stops growing.

A

5

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81
Q

Intersection of frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures
Largest fontanelle
Commonly called the “soft spot”

A

Anterior fontanelle

82
Q

Junction of squamous and coronal sutures

A

Sphenoidal fontanelle

83
Q

Junction of squamous and lambdoid sutures

A

Mastoid fontanelle

84
Q

Junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures

A

Occipital fontanelle

85
Q 
Cervical region ( \_\_\_ vertebrae)
Thoracic region ( \_\_\_ vertebrae)
Lumbar region ( \_\_\_ vertebrae)
A

7
12
5

86
Q

The vertebral column is composed of _____ bones.

A

26

87
Q

The _____ curve and the ____ curve of the vertebral column develop before birth and the _____ curve and the _____ curve develop after birth.

A

Thoracic
Sacral
Cervical
Lumbar

88
Q

Balances the weight of the trunk over lower limbs

Develops with the ability to stand

A

Lumbar curve

89
Q

Develops as an infant learns to lift the head

Balances the head on the neck

A

Cervical curve

90
Q

Accommodates the abdominopelvic organs

A

Sacral curve

91
Q

Accommodates the thoracic organs

A

Thoracic curve

92
Q

Each vertebrae consists of these three basic parts

A

Articular processes
Vertebral arch
Vertebral body

93
Q

The opening framed by the vertebral body and the vertebral arch

A

Vertebral foramen

94
Q

Extend superiorly and inferiorly to articulate with adjacent vertebrae

A

Articular process

95
Q

Forms posterior and lateral margins of the vertebral foramen

A

Vertebral arch

96
Q

Transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column

A

Vertebral body

97
Q

Smooth, concave surface on each articular process

Forms the joint with the adjacent vertebra

A

Articular facet

98
Q

Articulate with the inferior articular processes of a superior vertebra

A

Superior articular processes

99
Q

Articulate with the superior articular processes of an inferior vertebra

A

Inferior articular processes

100
Q

Projects posteriorly from point of fusion of the laminae

A

Spinous process

101
Q

Project laterally from where pedicles join the laminae
Sites of muscle attachment
May articulate with the ribs

A

Transverse processes

102
Q

Formed by the vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae

Encloses the spinal cord

A

vertebral canal

103
Q

Pads of fibrocartilage separating the bodies of adjacent vertebrae

A

Intervertebral discs

104
Q

Spaces formed between successive pedicles

Allow passage of nerves and blood vessels

A

Intervertebral foramina

105
Q

Cervical vertebrae that permits nodding yes

A

Atlas C1

106
Q

Cervical vertebrae that permits rotation as in shaking head “no”

A

Axis C2

107
Q

Largest vertebrae (transmit the most weight)

A

Lumbar vertebrae

108
Q

Five fused vertebrae
Begin fusing after puberty, fused by age 25–30
Protects reproductive, digestive, and urinary organs

A

Sacrum

109
Q

Three to five fused vertebrae

Begin fusing about age 26

A

Coccyx

110
Q

Composed of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

Protects heart, lungs, thymus, and other thoracic cavity organs

A

Thoracic cage

111
Q

Flat bone that forms in anterior midline of the thoracic wall

A

Sternum (breastbone)

112
Q

Trapezoid-shaped superior portion of sternum

Articulates with clavicles and first pair of ribs

A

Manubrium

113
Q

Attached to inferior portion of body of sternum

A

Xiphoid process

114
Q

Attaches to inferior surface of the manubrium

Articulates with rib pairs 2–7

A

Body of sternum

115
Q

Connect to sternum by individual costal cartilages

Also called true ribs

A

Vertebrosternal ribs

116
Q

Connect to sternum by shared costal cartilages

A

Vertebrochondral ribs

117
Q

No connection to sternum

Also known as floating ribs

A

Vertebral ribs

118
Q

Includes bones of the limbs and supporting bone girdles that connect the limbs to the trunk

A

Appendicular Skeleton

119
Q

Joins the arms to the trunk

A

Pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle

120
Q

Each pectoral girdle consists of:
An S-shaped _____
A broad, flat _____

A

clavicle

scapula

121
Q

Only articulation between pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton

A

sternoclavicular joint

122
Q

Originates at articulation with the superior, lateral border of the manubrium of the sternum (lateral to jugular notch)

A

Clavicle

123
Q

Articulates with acromion of scapula at the clavicular notch

A

acromioclavicular joint

124
Q

Depression on the anterior scapular surface

A

Subscapular fossa

125
Q

Cup-shaped depression

Where scapula articulates with the humerus forming the glenohumoral joint

A

Glenoid cavity

126
Q

Large process that extends laterally
Projects posterior and superior to the glenoid cavity
Continuous with the scapular spine

A

Acromion

127
Q

Projects anterior and superior to glenoid cavity

A

Coracoid process

128
Q

Ridge crossing the posterior surface of the scapular body
Continuous with the acromion
Ends at the medial border of the body

A

Scapular spine

129
Q

Depression superior to the scapular spine

A

Supraspinous fossa (supra, above)

130
Q

Region inferior to scapular spine

A

Infraspinous fossa (infra, below)

131
Q

Carpals

A

Wrist

132
Q

Metacarpals and phalanges

A

Hands

133
Q

Only bone in the arm or brachium

A

Humerus

134
Q

Humerus: Corresponds to the metaphysis of growing bone

Typical site for fractures

A

Surgical neck

135
Q

Humerus: Marks the extent of the joint capsule

A

Anatomical neck

136
Q

Humerus: Proximal end that articulates with the glenoid cavity

A

Head

137
Q

Humerus shaft expands at distal end to form _____

A

epicondyles

138
Q

Humerus: Rounded projection on lateral epiphyseal surface

Establishes lateral contour of the shoulder

A

Greater tubercle

139
Q

Humerus: Smaller projection on anterior, medial surface of the epiphysis

A

Lesser tubercle

140
Q

Humerus: Between the greater and lesser tubercles (both important muscle attachment sites)
Large tendon runs through the groove

A

Intertubercular sulcus

141
Q

Humerus: Large, rough elevation on the lateral humeral shaft

Attachment site for deltoid muscle

A

Deltoid tuberosity

142
Q

Site where humerus articulates with both radius (radiohumeral joint) and ulna (humeroulnar joint)

A

Condyle

143
Q

Parallel bones that support the forearm

A

Ulna and radius

144
Q

In anatomical position, the ulna is _____ to the radius

A

medial

145
Q

Lateral surface of ulnar head articulates with ulnar notch on distal end of radius

A

Distal radioulnar joint

146
Q

Radial notch on ulna articulates with radial head

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

147
Q

Shafts of the ulna and radius are connected by the _____ of the forearm

A

interosseous membrane

148
Q

Proximal end of ulna forming the point of the elbow

A

Olecranon

149
Q

Ulna: Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

A

Trochlear notch

150
Q

Ulna: Forms inferior lip of trochlear notch

Fits into coronoid fossa of humerus during flexion

A

Coronoid process

151
Q

Slender, rounded distal end of the ulna

A

Ulnar head

152
Q

Pointed projection on lateral surface of ulnar head

Attached articular cartilage disc separates ulnar head from wrist bones

A

Styloid process of the ulna

153
Q

Disc-shaped proximal end of the radius

Articulates with the capitulum of humerus

A

Radial head

154
Q

Extends from the radial head to radial tuberosity

A

Neck of the radius

155
Q

Attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle

A

Radial tuberosity

156
Q

Site of articulation with the head of the ulna

A

Ulnar notch of the radius

157
Q

Pointed projection on the distal end of the radius

Helps stabilize the wrist joint

A

Styloid process of the radius

158
Q

On the lateral border of wrist

Closest to styloid process of radius

A

Scaphoid (skaphe, boat)

159
Q

Carpal: Comma-shaped

Medial to the scaphoid

A

Lunate (luna, moon)

160
Q

Pyramid-shaped
Medial to the lunate
Articulates with articular disc separating the ulna from the wrist

A

Triquetrum

161
Q

Pea-shaped

Anterior to the triquetrum

A

Pisiform (pisum, pea)

162
Q

Lateral bone of distal row

Proximal surface articulates with scaphoid

A

Trapezium

163
Q

Wedge-shaped bone medial to trapezium

Also articulates with the scaphoid

A

Trapezoid

164
Q

Largest carpal bone

Between the trapezoid and hamate

A

Capitate (caput, head)

165
Q

Medial, distal carpal bone

Prominent hook projects anteriorly

A

Hamate (hamatum, hooked)

166
Q

Pollex (thumb) has ___ phalanges (proximal and distal)

All other fingers have ___ phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)

A

2

3

167
Q

Composed of two hip bones also called coxal bones or innominate (no name) bones

A

Pelvic girdle

168
Q

Each hip bone is formed by the fusion of three bones:

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

169
Q

Fibrocartilage pad connecting the right and left pubic bones

A

Pubic symphysis

170
Q

Hip bone attachment sites for important muscles and ligaments

A

Iliac spines

171
Q

Passage of sciatic nerve to lower limb

A

Greater sciatic notch

172
Q

Hip bone: Important ridge for muscle attachment

A

Iliac crest

173
Q

Hip bone: Projects superior to lesser sciatic notch

Marks passage of blood vessels, nerves and small muscle

A

Ischial spine

174
Q

Hip bone: Roughened projection

Bears body weight when seated

A

Ischial tuberosity

175
Q

Concave socket formed by all three fused bones
Articulates with head of femur
Smooth, cup-shaped surface

A

Acetabulum

176
Q

Hip bone: Articulates with auricular surface of the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

A

Auricular surface of the ilium

177
Q

Hip bone: Roughened area superior to the auricular surface

Ligaments from here stabilize sacroiliac joint

A

Iliac tuberosity

178
Q

Hip bone: Space that is closed by sheet of collagen fibers

Inner and outer surfaces provide base for muscle attachment

A

Obturator foramen

179
Q

Articulation between sacrum and adjacent ilium

A

Sacroiliac joint

180
Q

Two divisions of the pelvis

A

True/Lesser Pelvis

False/Greater Pelvis

181
Q

Tarsals

A

ankle

182
Q

Femur

A

thigh

183
Q

Tibia and fibula

A

Leg

184
Q

Longest and heaviest bone in the body

A

Femur

185
Q

Articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum

A

Femoral head

186
Q

Attachment site for powerful hip muscles

A

Linea aspera

187
Q

Part of the knee joint at distal end of femur

A

Medial and lateral condyles

188
Q

Large sesamoid bone that forms in the quadriceps tendon

A

Patella

189
Q

Large medial bone of leg (shin bone)

A

Tibia

190
Q

Attachment site of the patellar ligament

A

Tibial tuberosity

191
Q

Medial projection of ankle that provides medial support for the ankle joint

A

Medial malleolus (malleolus, hammer)

192
Q

Attachment site for muscles moving foot and toes

A

Fibula

193
Q

Distal tip that extends lateral to the ankle

Provides lateral stability to the ankle

A

Lateral malleolus

194
Q

Largest of the tarsal bones

A

Calcaneus (heel bone)

195
Q

calcaneal tendon

A

Achilles tendon

196
Q

Spool- or pulley-shaped articular process between tibia and talus

A

Trochlea

197
Q

Transmits body weight from tibia toward the toes

A

Talus

198
Q

Phalanges

A

toe bones

199
Q

Hallux (great toe) has ___ bones (proximal and distal)

All other toes have ___ bones (proximal, middle, distal)

A

2

3

200
Q

Formed due to ligaments and tendons connecting calcaneus to distal part of metatarsal bones

A

Longitudinal arch

201
Q

Formed due to the degree of longitudinal curvature changing from medial to lateral border

A

Transverse arch

202
Q

Fracture of the fifth metatarsal

Usually occurs while body weight is supported by the longitudinal arch

A

Dancer’s fracture

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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