Chapter 8 Flashcards
Joints or articulations
classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, according to the major connective tissue type that binds
the bones together, and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present; classified according to their degree of motion as synarthroses (nonmovable joints), amphiarthroses
(slightly movable joints), or diarthroses (freely movable joints).
cubital joint
elbow joint.
Fibrous joints
consist of two bones that are united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, and exhibit little or no movement. group further subdivided on the basis of
structure as sutures, syndesmoses, or gomphoses
Sutures
seams between the bones of the skull
sutural ligament
The two layers of periosteum plus the dense fibrous
connective tissue in between
fontanel
a suture’s membranous area in a newborn, some of the sutures have; soft spot; make the skull flexible during the birth process and allow for growth of the head after birth
synostosis
when two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone.
syndesmosis
fibrous joint in which the bones are farther apart than in a suture and are joined by ligaments.
Gomphoses
specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine bundles of regular collagenous connective tissue. The only gomphoses in the human body are the joints between the teeth and the sockets (alveoli) of the mandible and maxillae
periodontal ligaments
connective tissue bundles between the teeth and their sockets; allow a slight amount of “give” to the teeth during mastication.
gingivitis
inflammation of the gingiva that is often caused by bacterial infection.
Cartilaginous joints
unite two bones by means of either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. Joints containing hyaline cartilage are called synchondroses; joints containing fibrocartilage are called symphyses.
synchondrosis
consists of two bones joined by hyaline cartilage where little or no movement occurs; epiphyseal plate
costochondral joints
between the ribs and the costal cartilages; most costal cartilages no longer qualify as synchondroses because one end of the cartilage attaches to bone (the sternum) by a synovial joint
symphysis
consists of fibrocartilage uniting two bones; junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum; slightly movable because of the somewhat flexible nature of fibrocartilage; the symphysis pubis; intervertebral disks
Synovial joints
contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement between articulating bones
articular cartilage
articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints are covered with this thin layer of hyaline cartilage, which
provides a smooth surface where the bones meet.
articular disk
in som synovial joints, this flat plate or pad of fibrocartilage, lies between the articular cartilages of bones.
meniscus
a fibrocartilage pad found in joints such as the knee and wrist.
joint cavity
articular surfaces of the bones that meet at a synovial
joint are enclosed within a synovial joint cavity
joint capsule
joint cavity is surrounded by a joint capsule; it helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement. The joint capsule consists of two layers: an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane
fibrous capsule
dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum that covers the bones united at the joint.
synovial membrane
lines the joint cavity, except over the articular cartilage and articular disks; thin, delicate membrane consists of a collection of modified connective tissue cells; produces synovial fluid
bursa
In certain synovial joints, such as the shoulder and knee, the synovial membrane extends as a pocket, or sac, for a cushion so the structures don’t rub