Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Joints or articulations

A

classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, according to the major connective tissue type that binds
the bones together, and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present; classified according to their degree of motion as synarthroses (nonmovable joints), amphiarthroses
(slightly movable joints), or diarthroses (freely movable joints).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cubital joint

A

elbow joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fibrous joints

A

consist of two bones that are united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, and exhibit little or no movement. group further subdivided on the basis of
structure as sutures, syndesmoses, or gomphoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sutures

A

seams between the bones of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sutural ligament

A

The two layers of periosteum plus the dense fibrous

connective tissue in between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fontanel

A

a suture’s membranous area in a newborn, some of the sutures have; soft spot; make the skull flexible during the birth process and allow for growth of the head after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

synostosis

A

when two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

syndesmosis

A

fibrous joint in which the bones are farther apart than in a suture and are joined by ligaments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gomphoses

A

specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine bundles of regular collagenous connective tissue. The only gomphoses in the human body are the joints between the teeth and the sockets (alveoli) of the mandible and maxillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

periodontal ligaments

A

connective tissue bundles between the teeth and their sockets; allow a slight amount of “give” to the teeth during mastication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gingiva that is often caused by bacterial infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

unite two bones by means of either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. Joints containing hyaline cartilage are called synchondroses; joints containing fibrocartilage are called symphyses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

synchondrosis

A

consists of two bones joined by hyaline cartilage where little or no movement occurs; epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

costochondral joints

A

between the ribs and the costal cartilages; most costal cartilages no longer qualify as synchondroses because one end of the cartilage attaches to bone (the sternum) by a synovial joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

symphysis

A

consists of fibrocartilage uniting two bones; junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum; slightly movable because of the somewhat flexible nature of fibrocartilage; the symphysis pubis; intervertebral disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Synovial joints

A

contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement between articulating bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

articular cartilage

A

articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints are covered with this thin layer of hyaline cartilage, which
provides a smooth surface where the bones meet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

articular disk

A

in som synovial joints, this flat plate or pad of fibrocartilage, lies between the articular cartilages of bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

meniscus

A

a fibrocartilage pad found in joints such as the knee and wrist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

joint cavity

A

articular surfaces of the bones that meet at a synovial

joint are enclosed within a synovial joint cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

joint capsule

A

joint cavity is surrounded by a joint capsule; it helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement. The joint capsule consists of two layers: an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

fibrous capsule

A

dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum that covers the bones united at the joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines the joint cavity, except over the articular cartilage and articular disks; thin, delicate membrane consists of a collection of modified connective tissue cells; produces synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

bursa

A

In certain synovial joints, such as the shoulder and knee, the synovial membrane extends as a pocket, or sac, for a cushion so the structures don’t rub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

tendon sheaths

A

bursae that extend along tendons for some distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa, may cause considerable pain around the joint and restrict movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Movements at synovial joints are described as:

A
  • uniaxial, occurring around one axis
  • biaxial, occurring around two axes situated at right angles to each other
  • multiaxial, occurring around several axes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

plane joint or gliding joint

A

consists of two flat bone surfaces of about equal size between which a slight gliding motion can occur; uniaxial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

saddle joint

A

consists of two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that their complementary surfaces articulate; biaxial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

hinge joint

A

uniaxial joint in which a convex cylinder in one bone is applied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone; elbow and knee joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

pivot joint

A

uniaxial joint that restricts movement to rotation around a single axis; consists of a relatively cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

consists of a ball (head) at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion of the ball fits; multiaxial, allowing a wide range of movement in almost any direction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ellipsoid joint (or condyloid joint)

A

modified ball-and-socket joint; articular surfaces are ellipsoid in shape rather than spherical as in regular ball-and-socket joints; biaxial, because the shape of the joint limits its range of movement almost to a hinge motion in two axes and restricts rotation; atlantooccipital joint of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Flexion

A

movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane, or in the anterior direction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Extension

A

movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane, or in the posterior direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

plantar flexion

A

Movement of the foot toward the plantar surface, as when

standing on the toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement of the foot toward the shin, as when walking on the heels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hyperextension

A

abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Abduction

A

(to take away) is movement away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

adduction

A

(to bring together) is movement toward the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Pronation

A

move palm to palm face down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

supination

A

move palm to palm face up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Circumduction

A

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction that occurs at freely movable joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Elevation

A

moves a structure superiorly; shoulders up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

depression

A

moves it inferiorly; shoulders down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Protraction

A

gliding motion that moves a structure in an anterior direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Retraction

A

moves the structure back to the anatomical position or even more posteriorly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Lateral excursion

A

moving the mandible to either the right or the left of the midline; occurs when grinding the teeth or chewing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Medial excursion

A

returns the mandible to the midline position.

50
Q

Opposition

A

movement of the thumb and little finger; occurs when these two digits are brought toward each other across the
palm of the hand.

51
Q

Reposition

A

returns the thumb and little finger to the neutral, anatomical position.

52
Q

Inversion

A

turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially, toward the opposite foot, with the weight on the
outside edge of the foot (rolling out).

53
Q

Eversion

A

turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally, with the weight on the inside edge of the foot (rolling in)

54
Q

Range of motion

A

describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint.

55
Q

Active range of motion

A

the amount of movement that can be accomplished by contracting the muscles that normally act across a joint.

56
Q

Passive range of motion

A

the amount of movement that can be accomplished when the structures that meet at the joint are moved by an outside force, as when a therapist holds on to a patient’s forearm and moves it toward the arm, flexing the elbow joint.

57
Q

dislocation or luxation

A

when the articulating surfaces of the bones are moved out of proper alignment.

58
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation.

59
Q

sprain

A

occurs when ligaments are damaged.

60
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form this joint; a fibrocartilage articular disk is located between the mandible and the temporal bone, dividing the
joint into superior and inferior joint cavities

61
Q

shoulder joint or glenohumeral joint

A

ball-and-socket joint that has less stability but more mobility than the other ball-and-socket joint, the hip.

62
Q

glenoid labrum

A

The rim of the glenoid cavity is built up slightly by this fibrocartilage ring, which the joint capsule is attached.

63
Q

subscapular bursa

A

opens into the joint cavity.

64
Q

subacromial bursa

A

located near the joint cavity but separated from the cavity

by the joint capsule

65
Q

rotator cuff

A

four muscles that hold the humeral head tightly within the glenoid cavity

66
Q

Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) ligament

A

Three slightly thickened longitudinal sets of fibers on the anterior side of the capsule; extend from the humerus to the margin of the glenoid cavity

67
Q

Transverse humeral

A

Lateral, transverse, fibrous thickening of the joint capsule; crosses between the greater and lesser tubercles and holds down the tendon from the long head of the biceps brachii muscle

68
Q

Coracohumeral

A

Crosses from the root of the coracoid process to the humeral neck

69
Q

Coracoacromial

A

Crosses above the joint between the coracoid process and the acromion process; an accessory, protective ligament

70
Q

elbow joint

A

compound hinge joint consisting of the humeroulnar joint, between the humerus and ulna, and the humeroradial joint, between the humerus and radius. The proximal radioulnar joint, between the proximal radius and the ulna, is also closely related.

71
Q

Olecranon bursitis

A

inflammation of the olecranon bursa; it can be caused by excessive pressure of the elbow against a hard surface and is sometimes referred to as student’s elbow.

72
Q

elbow joint

A

The humeroulnar joint is reinforced by the ulnar collateral ligament. The humeroradial and proximal radioulnar joints
are reinforced by the radial collateral ligament and the radial annular ligament. A subcutaneous olecranon
bursa covers the proximal and posterior surfaces of the olecra-non process.

73
Q

hip joint or coxal joint

A

The femoral head articulates with the relatively deep, concave acetabulum of the coxal bone to form this

74
Q

acetabular labrum

A

acetabulum is deepened and strengthened by a lip of fibrocartilage called the acetabular labrum, which is incomplete inferiorly, and by a transverse acetabular ligament, which crosses the acetabular notch on the inferior edge of the acetabulum.

75
Q

iliofemoral ligament

A

especially strong; When standing, most people tend to thrust the hips anteriorly. This position is relaxing because the iliofemoral ligament supports much of the body’s weight.

76
Q

ligament of the head of the femur

A

(round ligament of the femur) is located inside the hip joint
between the femoral head and the acetabulum; does
not contribute much toward strengthening the hip joint; however, it does carry a small nutrient artery to the head of the femur

77
Q

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

A

strengthens the joint laterally and is stronger than the tibial (medial) collateral ligament.

78
Q

medial meniscus

A

tightly attached to the tibial collateral ligament and is damaged 20 times more often in knee injuries than the
lateral meniscus, which is thinner and not attached to the fibular collateral ligament.

79
Q

torn meniscus

A

may cause a “clicking” sound during extension of the leg; if the damage is more severe, the torn piece of cartilage
may move between the articulating surfaces of the tibia and femur, causing the knee to “lock” in a partially flexed position.

80
Q

anterior cruciate ligament

A

If the knee is driven anteriorly or hyperextended, the anterior cruciate ligament may be torn, which makes the knee joint very unstable.

81
Q

posterior cruciate ligament

A

If the knee is flexed and the tibia is driven posteriorly, the posterior cruciate ligament may be torn.

82
Q

subcutaneous prepatellar bursa

A

Bursitis in the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, commonly called housemaid’s knee, may result from prolonged
work while on the hands and knees.

83
Q

subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa

A

Another form of bursitis, clergyman’s knee, results from

excessive kneeling and affects the subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa; common among carpet layers and roofers.

84
Q

chondromalacia

A

softening of the cartilage, which results from abnormal

movement of the patella within the patellar groove

85
Q

fat pad syndrome

A

occurs when fluid accumulates in the fat pad posterior

to the patella.

86
Q

hemarthrosis

A

blood accumulation within the joint cavity; Acute swelling in the knee appearing immediately after an injury is usually a sign

87
Q

knee joint

A

complex ellipsoid joint that allows flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation of the leg.

88
Q

cruciate ligaments

A

Two cruciate ligaments extend between the intercondylar eminence of the tibia and the fossa of the femur

89
Q

Transverse acetabular

A

Bridges gap in the inferior margin of the fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum

90
Q

Iliofemoral

A

Strong, thick band between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the intertrochanteric line of the femur

91
Q

Pubofemoral

A

Extends from the pubic portion of the acetabular rim to the inferior portion of the femoral neck

92
Q

Ischiofemoral

A

Bridges the ischial acetabular rim and the superior portion of the femoral neck; less well defined

93
Q

Ligament of the head of the femur

A

Weak, flat band from the margin of the acetabular notch and the transverse ligament to a fovea in the center of the femoral head

94
Q

collateral and popliteal ligaments

A

The joint is also strengthened by collateral and popliteal

ligaments and by the tendons of the thigh muscles, which extend around the knee

95
Q

suprapatellar bursa

A

largest bursae that surrounds the knee; a superior extension of the joint capsule that allows the anterior thigh muscles to move over the distal end of the femur.

96
Q

Patellar

A

Thick, heavy, fibrous band between the patella and the tibial tuberosity; actually part of the quadriceps femoris tendon

97
Q

Patellar retinaculum

A

Thin band from the margins of the patella to the sides of the tibial condyles

98
Q

Oblique popliteal

A

Thickening of the posterior capsule; extension of the semimembranous tendon

99
Q

Arcuate popliteal

A

Extends from the posterior fibular head to the posterior fibrous capsule

100
Q

Tibial (medial) collateral

A

Thickening of the lateral capsule from the medial
epicondyle of the femur to the medial surface of
the tibia; also called the medial collateral ligament

101
Q

Fibular (lateral) collateral

A

Round ligament extending from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the head of the fibula; also called the lateral collateral ligament

102
Q

Anterior cruciate

A

Extends obliquely, superiorly, and posteriorly from the anterior intercondylar eminence of the tibia to the medial side of the lateral femoral condyle

103
Q

Posterior cruciate

A

Extends superiorly and anteriorly from the posterior intercondylar eminence to the lateral side of the medial condyle

104
Q

Coronary (medial and lateral)

A

Attaches the menisci to the tibial condyles

105
Q

Transverse

A

Connects the anterior portions of the medial and lateral menisci

106
Q

Meniscofemoral (anterior and posterior)

A

Joins the posterior part of the lateral menisci to
the medial condyle of the femur, passing anterior
and posterior to the posterior cruciate ligament

107
Q

ankle joint or talocrural joint

A

The distal tibia and fibula form a highly modified hinge joint with the talus

108
Q

sprained ankle

A

when he ligaments of the ankle are torn partially or completely. The calcaneofibular ligament tears most often, followed in frequency by the anterior talofibular ligament.

109
Q

Medial

A

Thickening of the medial fibrous capsule that
attaches the medial malleolus to the calcaneus,
navicular, and talus; also called the deltoid ligament

110
Q

Calcaneofibular

A

Extends from the lateral malleolus to the lateral surface of the calcaneus; separate from the capsule

111
Q

Anterior talofibular

A

Extends from the lateral malleolus to the neck of the talus; fused with the joint capsule

112
Q

Long plantar

A

Extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid and bases of metatarsal bones 2–5

113
Q

Plantar calcaneocuboid

A

extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid

114
Q

Plantar calcaneonavicular (short plantar)

A

Extends from the calcaneus to the navicular

115
Q

flat feet or fallen arches

A

The arches of the foot normally form early in fetal life. Failure to form results in congenital flat feet, or fallen arches, in which the arches, primarily the medial longitudinal arch, are depressed or collapsed

116
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

an inflammation of the plantar fascia, can be a problem for distance runners

117
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

second most common type of arthritis; general connective tissue disorder that affects the skin, vessels, lungs, and other organs, but it is most pronounced in the joints.

118
Q

rheumatoid factor

A

People with classic RA have this protein in their blood.

119
Q

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

A

similar to the adult type in many ways, but no rheumatoid factor is found in the serum.

120
Q

arthroplasty

A

joint replacement

121
Q

hemireplacement

A

The bone of the articular area is removed on one side or on both sides (total replacement) of the joint, and the artificial articular areas are glued to the bone with a synthetic adhesive, such as methylmethacrylate.

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions