Chapter 8 Flashcards
Joints or articulations
classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, according to the major connective tissue type that binds
the bones together, and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present; classified according to their degree of motion as synarthroses (nonmovable joints), amphiarthroses
(slightly movable joints), or diarthroses (freely movable joints).
cubital joint
elbow joint.
Fibrous joints
consist of two bones that are united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, and exhibit little or no movement. group further subdivided on the basis of
structure as sutures, syndesmoses, or gomphoses
Sutures
seams between the bones of the skull
sutural ligament
The two layers of periosteum plus the dense fibrous
connective tissue in between
fontanel
a suture’s membranous area in a newborn, some of the sutures have; soft spot; make the skull flexible during the birth process and allow for growth of the head after birth
synostosis
when two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone.
syndesmosis
fibrous joint in which the bones are farther apart than in a suture and are joined by ligaments.
Gomphoses
specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine bundles of regular collagenous connective tissue. The only gomphoses in the human body are the joints between the teeth and the sockets (alveoli) of the mandible and maxillae
periodontal ligaments
connective tissue bundles between the teeth and their sockets; allow a slight amount of “give” to the teeth during mastication.
gingivitis
inflammation of the gingiva that is often caused by bacterial infection.
Cartilaginous joints
unite two bones by means of either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. Joints containing hyaline cartilage are called synchondroses; joints containing fibrocartilage are called symphyses.
synchondrosis
consists of two bones joined by hyaline cartilage where little or no movement occurs; epiphyseal plate
costochondral joints
between the ribs and the costal cartilages; most costal cartilages no longer qualify as synchondroses because one end of the cartilage attaches to bone (the sternum) by a synovial joint
symphysis
consists of fibrocartilage uniting two bones; junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum; slightly movable because of the somewhat flexible nature of fibrocartilage; the symphysis pubis; intervertebral disks
Synovial joints
contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement between articulating bones
articular cartilage
articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints are covered with this thin layer of hyaline cartilage, which
provides a smooth surface where the bones meet.
articular disk
in som synovial joints, this flat plate or pad of fibrocartilage, lies between the articular cartilages of bones.
meniscus
a fibrocartilage pad found in joints such as the knee and wrist.
joint cavity
articular surfaces of the bones that meet at a synovial
joint are enclosed within a synovial joint cavity
joint capsule
joint cavity is surrounded by a joint capsule; it helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement. The joint capsule consists of two layers: an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane
fibrous capsule
dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum that covers the bones united at the joint.
synovial membrane
lines the joint cavity, except over the articular cartilage and articular disks; thin, delicate membrane consists of a collection of modified connective tissue cells; produces synovial fluid
bursa
In certain synovial joints, such as the shoulder and knee, the synovial membrane extends as a pocket, or sac, for a cushion so the structures don’t rub
tendon sheaths
bursae that extend along tendons for some distance
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa, may cause considerable pain around the joint and restrict movement.
Movements at synovial joints are described as:
- uniaxial, occurring around one axis
- biaxial, occurring around two axes situated at right angles to each other
- multiaxial, occurring around several axes
plane joint or gliding joint
consists of two flat bone surfaces of about equal size between which a slight gliding motion can occur; uniaxial
saddle joint
consists of two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that their complementary surfaces articulate; biaxial
hinge joint
uniaxial joint in which a convex cylinder in one bone is applied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone; elbow and knee joints.
pivot joint
uniaxial joint that restricts movement to rotation around a single axis; consists of a relatively cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament.
ball-and-socket joint
consists of a ball (head) at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion of the ball fits; multiaxial, allowing a wide range of movement in almost any direction.
ellipsoid joint (or condyloid joint)
modified ball-and-socket joint; articular surfaces are ellipsoid in shape rather than spherical as in regular ball-and-socket joints; biaxial, because the shape of the joint limits its range of movement almost to a hinge motion in two axes and restricts rotation; atlantooccipital joint of the neck
Flexion
movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane, or in the anterior direction.
Extension
movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane, or in the posterior direction
plantar flexion
Movement of the foot toward the plantar surface, as when
standing on the toes
dorsiflexion
movement of the foot toward the shin, as when walking on the heels
Hyperextension
abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion.
Abduction
(to take away) is movement away from the midline
adduction
(to bring together) is movement toward the midline
Pronation
move palm to palm face down
supination
move palm to palm face up
Circumduction
combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction that occurs at freely movable joints
Elevation
moves a structure superiorly; shoulders up
depression
moves it inferiorly; shoulders down
Protraction
gliding motion that moves a structure in an anterior direction
Retraction
moves the structure back to the anatomical position or even more posteriorly.
Lateral excursion
moving the mandible to either the right or the left of the midline; occurs when grinding the teeth or chewing.
Medial excursion
returns the mandible to the midline position.
Opposition
movement of the thumb and little finger; occurs when these two digits are brought toward each other across the
palm of the hand.
Reposition
returns the thumb and little finger to the neutral, anatomical position.
Inversion
turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially, toward the opposite foot, with the weight on the
outside edge of the foot (rolling out).
Eversion
turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally, with the weight on the inside edge of the foot (rolling in)
Range of motion
describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint.
Active range of motion
the amount of movement that can be accomplished by contracting the muscles that normally act across a joint.
Passive range of motion
the amount of movement that can be accomplished when the structures that meet at the joint are moved by an outside force, as when a therapist holds on to a patient’s forearm and moves it toward the arm, flexing the elbow joint.
dislocation or luxation
when the articulating surfaces of the bones are moved out of proper alignment.
subluxation
partial dislocation.
sprain
occurs when ligaments are damaged.
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form this joint; a fibrocartilage articular disk is located between the mandible and the temporal bone, dividing the
joint into superior and inferior joint cavities
shoulder joint or glenohumeral joint
ball-and-socket joint that has less stability but more mobility than the other ball-and-socket joint, the hip.
glenoid labrum
The rim of the glenoid cavity is built up slightly by this fibrocartilage ring, which the joint capsule is attached.
subscapular bursa
opens into the joint cavity.
subacromial bursa
located near the joint cavity but separated from the cavity
by the joint capsule
rotator cuff
four muscles that hold the humeral head tightly within the glenoid cavity
Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) ligament
Three slightly thickened longitudinal sets of fibers on the anterior side of the capsule; extend from the humerus to the margin of the glenoid cavity
Transverse humeral
Lateral, transverse, fibrous thickening of the joint capsule; crosses between the greater and lesser tubercles and holds down the tendon from the long head of the biceps brachii muscle
Coracohumeral
Crosses from the root of the coracoid process to the humeral neck
Coracoacromial
Crosses above the joint between the coracoid process and the acromion process; an accessory, protective ligament
elbow joint
compound hinge joint consisting of the humeroulnar joint, between the humerus and ulna, and the humeroradial joint, between the humerus and radius. The proximal radioulnar joint, between the proximal radius and the ulna, is also closely related.
Olecranon bursitis
inflammation of the olecranon bursa; it can be caused by excessive pressure of the elbow against a hard surface and is sometimes referred to as student’s elbow.
elbow joint
The humeroulnar joint is reinforced by the ulnar collateral ligament. The humeroradial and proximal radioulnar joints
are reinforced by the radial collateral ligament and the radial annular ligament. A subcutaneous olecranon
bursa covers the proximal and posterior surfaces of the olecra-non process.
hip joint or coxal joint
The femoral head articulates with the relatively deep, concave acetabulum of the coxal bone to form this
acetabular labrum
acetabulum is deepened and strengthened by a lip of fibrocartilage called the acetabular labrum, which is incomplete inferiorly, and by a transverse acetabular ligament, which crosses the acetabular notch on the inferior edge of the acetabulum.
iliofemoral ligament
especially strong; When standing, most people tend to thrust the hips anteriorly. This position is relaxing because the iliofemoral ligament supports much of the body’s weight.
ligament of the head of the femur
(round ligament of the femur) is located inside the hip joint
between the femoral head and the acetabulum; does
not contribute much toward strengthening the hip joint; however, it does carry a small nutrient artery to the head of the femur
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
strengthens the joint laterally and is stronger than the tibial (medial) collateral ligament.
medial meniscus
tightly attached to the tibial collateral ligament and is damaged 20 times more often in knee injuries than the
lateral meniscus, which is thinner and not attached to the fibular collateral ligament.
torn meniscus
may cause a “clicking” sound during extension of the leg; if the damage is more severe, the torn piece of cartilage
may move between the articulating surfaces of the tibia and femur, causing the knee to “lock” in a partially flexed position.
anterior cruciate ligament
If the knee is driven anteriorly or hyperextended, the anterior cruciate ligament may be torn, which makes the knee joint very unstable.
posterior cruciate ligament
If the knee is flexed and the tibia is driven posteriorly, the posterior cruciate ligament may be torn.
subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
Bursitis in the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, commonly called housemaid’s knee, may result from prolonged
work while on the hands and knees.
subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
Another form of bursitis, clergyman’s knee, results from
excessive kneeling and affects the subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa; common among carpet layers and roofers.
chondromalacia
softening of the cartilage, which results from abnormal
movement of the patella within the patellar groove
fat pad syndrome
occurs when fluid accumulates in the fat pad posterior
to the patella.
hemarthrosis
blood accumulation within the joint cavity; Acute swelling in the knee appearing immediately after an injury is usually a sign
knee joint
complex ellipsoid joint that allows flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation of the leg.
cruciate ligaments
Two cruciate ligaments extend between the intercondylar eminence of the tibia and the fossa of the femur
Transverse acetabular
Bridges gap in the inferior margin of the fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum
Iliofemoral
Strong, thick band between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the intertrochanteric line of the femur
Pubofemoral
Extends from the pubic portion of the acetabular rim to the inferior portion of the femoral neck
Ischiofemoral
Bridges the ischial acetabular rim and the superior portion of the femoral neck; less well defined
Ligament of the head of the femur
Weak, flat band from the margin of the acetabular notch and the transverse ligament to a fovea in the center of the femoral head
collateral and popliteal ligaments
The joint is also strengthened by collateral and popliteal
ligaments and by the tendons of the thigh muscles, which extend around the knee
suprapatellar bursa
largest bursae that surrounds the knee; a superior extension of the joint capsule that allows the anterior thigh muscles to move over the distal end of the femur.
Patellar
Thick, heavy, fibrous band between the patella and the tibial tuberosity; actually part of the quadriceps femoris tendon
Patellar retinaculum
Thin band from the margins of the patella to the sides of the tibial condyles
Oblique popliteal
Thickening of the posterior capsule; extension of the semimembranous tendon
Arcuate popliteal
Extends from the posterior fibular head to the posterior fibrous capsule
Tibial (medial) collateral
Thickening of the lateral capsule from the medial
epicondyle of the femur to the medial surface of
the tibia; also called the medial collateral ligament
Fibular (lateral) collateral
Round ligament extending from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the head of the fibula; also called the lateral collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate
Extends obliquely, superiorly, and posteriorly from the anterior intercondylar eminence of the tibia to the medial side of the lateral femoral condyle
Posterior cruciate
Extends superiorly and anteriorly from the posterior intercondylar eminence to the lateral side of the medial condyle
Coronary (medial and lateral)
Attaches the menisci to the tibial condyles
Transverse
Connects the anterior portions of the medial and lateral menisci
Meniscofemoral (anterior and posterior)
Joins the posterior part of the lateral menisci to
the medial condyle of the femur, passing anterior
and posterior to the posterior cruciate ligament
ankle joint or talocrural joint
The distal tibia and fibula form a highly modified hinge joint with the talus
sprained ankle
when he ligaments of the ankle are torn partially or completely. The calcaneofibular ligament tears most often, followed in frequency by the anterior talofibular ligament.
Medial
Thickening of the medial fibrous capsule that
attaches the medial malleolus to the calcaneus,
navicular, and talus; also called the deltoid ligament
Calcaneofibular
Extends from the lateral malleolus to the lateral surface of the calcaneus; separate from the capsule
Anterior talofibular
Extends from the lateral malleolus to the neck of the talus; fused with the joint capsule
Long plantar
Extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid and bases of metatarsal bones 2–5
Plantar calcaneocuboid
extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid
Plantar calcaneonavicular (short plantar)
Extends from the calcaneus to the navicular
flat feet or fallen arches
The arches of the foot normally form early in fetal life. Failure to form results in congenital flat feet, or fallen arches, in which the arches, primarily the medial longitudinal arch, are depressed or collapsed
Plantar fasciitis
an inflammation of the plantar fascia, can be a problem for distance runners
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
second most common type of arthritis; general connective tissue disorder that affects the skin, vessels, lungs, and other organs, but it is most pronounced in the joints.
rheumatoid factor
People with classic RA have this protein in their blood.
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
similar to the adult type in many ways, but no rheumatoid factor is found in the serum.
arthroplasty
joint replacement
hemireplacement
The bone of the articular area is removed on one side or on both sides (total replacement) of the joint, and the artificial articular areas are glued to the bone with a synthetic adhesive, such as methylmethacrylate.
