Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure
Developmental anatomy
studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.
Embryology
a subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.
Cytology
examines the structural features of cells
histology
examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them
Gross anatomy
the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached from either a systemic or a regional perspective.
Surface anatomy
the study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures.
Anatomical imaging
uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
Anatomical anomalies
physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern.
Physiology
the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
systemic physiology
considers the functions of organ systems.
Pathology
the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease.
Exercise physiology
focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise.
x-rays
extremely shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through the body, exposing a photographic plate to form a radiograph
radiograph
Bones and radiopaque dyes absorb the rays and create underexposed areas that appear white on the photographic film
Ultrasound
uses high-frequency sound waves, which are emitted from a transmitter-receiver placed on the skin over the area to be scanned. The sound waves strike internal organs and bounce back to the receiver on the skin.
sonogram
when the computer analyzes the pattern of sound waves, the information is transferred to a monitor and visualized as this ultrasound image
Computed tomographic (CT) scans; computerized axial tomographic (CAT) scans
computer-analyzed x-ray images: produce sliced images, sometimes 3-D
dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR)
takes CT one step further; DSR uses about 30 x-ray tubes and the images from all the tubes are compiled simultaneously to rapidly produce a 3-D image.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
directs radio waves at a person lying inside a large electromagnetic field; the magnetic field causes the
protons of various atoms to align
Positron emission tomographic (PET)
scans can identify the metabolic states of various tissues.
Organization
the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Metabolism
all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism.
responsiveness
an organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.