Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure
Developmental anatomy
studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.
Embryology
a subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.
Cytology
examines the structural features of cells
histology
examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them
Gross anatomy
the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached from either a systemic or a regional perspective.
Surface anatomy
the study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures.
Anatomical imaging
uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
Anatomical anomalies
physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern.
Physiology
the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
systemic physiology
considers the functions of organ systems.
Pathology
the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease.
Exercise physiology
focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise.
x-rays
extremely shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through the body, exposing a photographic plate to form a radiograph
radiograph
Bones and radiopaque dyes absorb the rays and create underexposed areas that appear white on the photographic film
Ultrasound
uses high-frequency sound waves, which are emitted from a transmitter-receiver placed on the skin over the area to be scanned. The sound waves strike internal organs and bounce back to the receiver on the skin.
sonogram
when the computer analyzes the pattern of sound waves, the information is transferred to a monitor and visualized as this ultrasound image
Computed tomographic (CT) scans; computerized axial tomographic (CAT) scans
computer-analyzed x-ray images: produce sliced images, sometimes 3-D
dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR)
takes CT one step further; DSR uses about 30 x-ray tubes and the images from all the tubes are compiled simultaneously to rapidly produce a 3-D image.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
directs radio waves at a person lying inside a large electromagnetic field; the magnetic field causes the
protons of various atoms to align
Positron emission tomographic (PET)
scans can identify the metabolic states of various tissues.
Organization
the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Metabolism
all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism.
responsiveness
an organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
Growth
an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism.
Development
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death.
morphogenesis
change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.
reproduction
the formation of new cells or new organisms
Integumentary System
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
Skeletal System
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Muscular System
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Lymphatic System
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.
Respiratory System
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
Digestive System
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
Nervous System
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Endocrine System
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Cardiovascular System
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Urinary System
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
Female Reproductive System
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures.
Male Reproductive System
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.
Homeostasis
the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
variables
conditions like volume, temperature, and chemical content in which their values can change
set point
ideal normal value
normal range
body temperature increases and decreases slightly around the set point to produce a normal range of values; as long as body temperature remains within this normal range, homeostasis is maintained.
negative-feedback
any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted by negative-feedback mechanisms
receptor
monitors the value of a variable
control center
receives information about the variable from the receptor, establishes the set point, and controls the effector
effector
produces responses that change the value of the variable.
Positive-feedback responses
not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals; when a value deviates from normal, the system responds to make the deviation even greater; can create a cycle that leads away from homeostasis and, in some cases, results in death.
etymology
derivation
anatomical position
person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
supine
lying face upward
prone
lying face downward.
Cephalic
Closer to the head than another structure
Caudal
Closer to the tail than another structure
Anterior
front of the body
Posterior
back of the body
Ventral
Toward the belly (synonymous with anterior)
Dorsal
Toward the back (synonymous with posterior)
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Medial
toward the midline of the body
central region of the body
head, neck, and trunk.
thorax
chest
abdomen
region between the thorax and pelvis
pelvis
inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips
arm
extends from the shoulder to the elbow
forearm
extends from the elbow to the wrist.
thigh
extends from the hip to the knee
leg
extends from the knee to the ankle.
planes
imaginary flat surfaces
sagittal plane
runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portions.
median plane
a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
transverse (or horizontal) plane
runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
frontal (or coronal ) plane
runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
longitudinal section
a cut through the long axis of the organ
transverse (or cross) section
a cut at right angles to the long axis
oblique section
a cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle
thoracic cavity
The rib cage surrounds the thoracic cavity, and the muscular diaphragm separates it from the abdominal cavity.
mediastinum
partition that divides the thoracic cavity into right and left parts; contains the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the
esophagus; the two lungs are located on each side of the mediastinum.
abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.
pelvic cavity
where urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs are housed.
abdominopelvic cavity
combo of the abdominal and pelvic cavities; they’re not physically separated
Serous membranes
line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities.
visceral serous membrane
side of the membrane wall touching the organ
parietal serous membrane
outer side membrane wall not touching the organ
pericardial cavity
cavity surrounds the heart
pleural cavity
lies between the visceral pleura (covers lungs) and the parietal pleura (covers thoracic wall) and contains pleural fluid.
peritoneal cavity
located between the visceral peritoneum (covers organs of the abdominopelvic cavity) and the parietal peritoneum (lines walls of the cavity and diaphragm) and contains peritoneal fluid; abdominal cavity
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
Mesenteries
consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs; anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.
retroperitoneal
abdominopelvic organs covered by parietal peritoneum that are more closely attached to the body wall and do not have mesenteries; kidneys, the adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestines, and urinary bladder
