Chapter 8 Flashcards
What two dimensions make up emotion?
- Valence (positive or negative)
- Arousal (active or passive)
Define emotion?
A positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity.
Define James-Lange Theory?
the theory that a stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain.
Stimulus = Physiological experience -> emotional experience
Define Cannon-Bard Theory?
the theory that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain.
Stimulus = simultaneous emotional experience and physiological arousal.
Define Two-Factor Theory?
the theory that emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal.
Physiological arousal + Cognitive interpretation = emotional experience
Define Appraisal?
an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus.
What are the 6 primary emotions?
- Anger
- Fear
- Sadness
- Happiness
- Surprise
- Disgust
State the slow emotional pathway:
Stimulus -> Thalamus -> Cortex -> Amygdala
State the fast emotional pathway:
Stimulus -> Thalamus -> Amygdala
Define Emotion Regulation?
the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience.
Define Reappraisal?
changing ones emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion - eliciting stimulus.
Define Emotional expression?
an observable sign of an emotional state.
Define Universality hypothesis?
emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.
Define Facial Feedback hypothesis?
emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify.
Words = Symbols Expressions = Signs
Define display rule?
a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion.
Define intensification?
exaggerating the expression of ones emotion, as when a person pretends to be more surprised by a gift.
Define Deintensification?
involves muting the expression of ones emotion, as when the loser of a competition tries to look less distressed than they are.
Define Masking?
expressing one emotion while feeling another, when a poker player looks distressed rather than delighted.
Define Neutralizing?
feeling an emotion but displaying no expression, while a judge tries not to betray his leanings while lawyers make their case.
4 ways to distinguish between sincere and insincere expressions?
- Morphology
- Symmetry
- Duration
- Temporal Patterning
Define Motivation?
the purpose for or psychological cause of an action.
Define Hedonic Principle?
The claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.
Define Capgras Syndrome?
people suffering from this typically believe that one or more of their family members are imposters. This can happen when people have damage to the connection of the temporal lobe and limbic system.
Define Instinct?
natural occurring reactions, things you don’t need to be taught.
Define Drive?
an internal state caused by physiological needs.
Define Homeostasis?
tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state.
Explain the process of a drive?
Need -> Drive -> Behaviour
Food -> Hunger -> Eat
What is Ghrelin?
Its a hormone produced in the stomach that signals the brain to turn hunger on. Making it an Orexigenic signal (turns hunger on).
What is Leptin?
A hormone from fat cells to turn hunger off. making it an Anorexigenic signal (to turn hunger off).
What 5 levels are in Maslows Hierarchy of needs?
5 - Self Actualization 4 - Esteem needs 3 - Belongingness and love 2 - Safety and security 1 - Physiological needs
Lateral Hypothalamus receives
orexigenic signals
Ventromedial Hypothalamus recieves
Anorexigenic signals
Define Bulimia nervosa?
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.
Define anorexia nervosa?
an eating disorder characterized by an increase in fear of being fat and a severe restriction of food intake.
What classifies someone as obese?
A BMI of 30 or over.
Define Metabolism?
The rate at which energy is used by the body.
Define Human sexual response cycle?
The stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity.
What are the 4 stages of arousal?
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
Define Intrinsic motivation?
a motivation to take actions that are them selves rewarding.
Define Extrinsic motivation?
a motivation to take actions that lead to a reward later on.
Define conscious motivation?
motivations of which people are aware of.
Define Unconscious motivations?
motivations of which people are not aware.
Define need for achievement?
the motivation to solve worthwhile problems.
Define approach motivation?
a motivation to experience a positive outcome.
Define avoidance motivation?
a motivation not to experience a negative outcome.
Terror management theory?
the theory that people cope with their existential terror by developing a “cultural worldview”.
What is promotion focus?
Achieving goals
what is prevention focus?
avoiding losses
Mortality-Salience Hypothesis?
people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural world views.
What did Rosemary Basson come up with?
Female sexual response model.
- starts with reasons other than being turned on
- sex can spontaneously occur
- sexual satisfaction even without orgasm for women
