Chapter 13

Question 0

Define groups?

Answer 0

a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others.

Question 1

What is social psychology?

Answer 1

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality. How peoples thoughts, feelings and behaviour are impacted by actual, imagined or implied presence.

Question 2

Define aggression?

Answer 2

behaviour with the purpose of harming another.

Question 3

Define frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Answer 3

A principle stating that animals aggress when their goals are thwarted.

Question 4

Define prejudice?

Answer 4

A positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership.

Question 5

Define discrimination?

Answer 5

Positive or negative behaviour towards another person based on their group membership.

Question 6

Define the common knowledge effect?

Answer 6

the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share.

Question 7

Define group polarization?

Answer 7

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone.

Question 8

Define groupthink?

Answer 8

The tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony.

Question 9

Define deindividuation?

Answer 9

A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values.

Question 10

Define diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 10

The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way.

Question 11

Define social loafing?

Answer 11

The tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone.

Question 12

Define bystander intervention?

Answer 12

The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation.

Question 13

Define altruism?

Answer 13

Behaviour that benefits another without benefiting oneself.

Question 14

Define kin selection?

Answer 14

The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives.

Question 15

Define Reciprocal altruism?

Answer 15

Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future.

Question 16

Define passionate love?

Answer 16

An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction.

Question 17

Define Companionate love?

Answer 17

An experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partners well-being.

Question 18

Define social exchange?

Answer 18

The hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of costs to benefits.

Question 19

Define equity?

Answer 19

A state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal.

Question 20

Define social influence?

Answer 20

The ability to control another persons behaviour.

Question 21

Define mere exposure effect?

Answer 21

The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure.

Question 22

Define comparison level?

Answer 22

The cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship.

Question 23

Define Norms?

Answer 23

Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture.

Question 24

Define Norm of reciprocity?

Answer 24

The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them.

Question 25

Define Normative influence?

Answer 25

A phenomenon that occurs when another persons behaviour provides info about what is inappropriate.

Question 26

Define door-in-the-face technique?

Answer 26

An influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request.

Question 27

Define conformity?

Answer 27

Tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it.

Question 28

Define informational influence?

Answer 28

A phenomenon that occurs when another persons behaviour provides info about whats true.

Question 29

Define persuasion?

Answer 29

A phenomenon that occurs when a persons attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person.

Question 30

Define obedience?

Answer 30

The tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do.

Question 31

Define systematic persuasion?

Answer 31

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason.

Question 32

Define attitude?

Answer 32

An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event.

Question 33

Define belief?

Answer 33

An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event.

Question 34

Define heuristic persuasion?

Answer 34

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion.

Question 35

Define foot-in-the-door technique?

Answer 35

Technique that involves making a small request and follow it with a large request.

Question 36

Define cognitive dissonance?

Answer 36

Unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs.

Question 37

Define social cognition?

Answer 37

The processes by which people come to understand others.

Question 38

Define stereotyping?

Answer 38

The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong.

Question 39

Define self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 39

Tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave.

Question 40

Define stereotype threat?

Answer 40

The fear of confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold.

Question 41

Define perceptual confirmation?

Answer 41

Tendency for people to see what they expect to see.

Question 42

Define subtyping?

Answer 42

The tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them.

Question 43

Define attribution?

Answer 43

An inference about the course of a persons behaviour.

Question 44

Define Correspondence bias?

Answer 44

The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution.

Question 45

Define actor-observer effect?

Answer 45

The tendency to make situational attributions of our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviours of others.