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Psychology 121 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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0
Q

Define groups?

A

a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others.

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality. How peoples thoughts, feelings and behaviour are impacted by actual, imagined or implied presence.

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2
Q

Define aggression?

A

behaviour with the purpose of harming another.

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3
Q

Define frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

A principle stating that animals aggress when their goals are thwarted.

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4
Q

Define prejudice?

A

A positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership.

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5
Q

Define discrimination?

A

Positive or negative behaviour towards another person based on their group membership.

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6
Q

Define the common knowledge effect?

A

the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share.

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7
Q

Define group polarization?

A

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone.

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8
Q

Define groupthink?

A

The tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony.

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9
Q

Define deindividuation?

A

A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values.

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10
Q

Define diffusion of responsibility?

A

The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way.

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11
Q

Define social loafing?

A

The tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone.

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12
Q

Define bystander intervention?

A

The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation.

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13
Q

Define altruism?

A

Behaviour that benefits another without benefiting oneself.

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14
Q

Define kin selection?

A

The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives.

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15
Q

Define Reciprocal altruism?

A

Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future.

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16
Q

Define passionate love?

A

An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction.

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17
Q

Define Companionate love?

A

An experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partners well-being.

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18
Q

Define social exchange?

A

The hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of costs to benefits.

19
Q

Define equity?

A

A state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal.

20
Q

Define social influence?

A

The ability to control another persons behaviour.

21
Q

Define mere exposure effect?

A

The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure.

22
Q

Define comparison level?

A

The cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship.

23
Q

Define Norms?

A

Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture.

24
Q

Define Norm of reciprocity?

A

The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them.

25
Q

Define Normative influence?

A

A phenomenon that occurs when another persons behaviour provides info about what is inappropriate.

26
Q

Define door-in-the-face technique?

A

An influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request.

27
Q

Define conformity?

A

Tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it.

28
Q

Define informational influence?

A

A phenomenon that occurs when another persons behaviour provides info about whats true.

29
Q

Define persuasion?

A

A phenomenon that occurs when a persons attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person.

30
Q

Define obedience?

A

The tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do.

31
Q

Define systematic persuasion?

A

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason.

32
Q

Define attitude?

A

An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event.

33
Q

Define belief?

A

An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event.

34
Q

Define heuristic persuasion?

A

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion.

35
Q

Define foot-in-the-door technique?

A

Technique that involves making a small request and follow it with a large request.

36
Q

Define cognitive dissonance?

A

Unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs.

37
Q

Define social cognition?

A

The processes by which people come to understand others.

38
Q

Define stereotyping?

A

The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong.

39
Q

Define self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

Tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave.

40
Q

Define stereotype threat?

A

The fear of confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold.

41
Q

Define perceptual confirmation?

A

Tendency for people to see what they expect to see.

42
Q

Define subtyping?

A

The tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them.

43
Q

Define attribution?

A

An inference about the course of a persons behaviour.

44
Q

Define Correspondence bias?

A

The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution.

45
Q

Define actor-observer effect?

A

The tendency to make situational attributions of our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviours of others.

Psychology 121 (8 decks)

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