Chapter 13 Flashcards
Define groups?
a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others.
What is social psychology?
The study of the causes and consequences of sociality. How peoples thoughts, feelings and behaviour are impacted by actual, imagined or implied presence.
Define aggression?
behaviour with the purpose of harming another.
Define frustration-aggression hypothesis?
A principle stating that animals aggress when their goals are thwarted.
Define prejudice?
A positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership.
Define discrimination?
Positive or negative behaviour towards another person based on their group membership.
Define the common knowledge effect?
the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share.
Define group polarization?
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone.
Define groupthink?
The tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony.
Define deindividuation?
A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values.
Define diffusion of responsibility?
The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way.
Define social loafing?
The tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone.
Define bystander intervention?
The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation.
Define altruism?
Behaviour that benefits another without benefiting oneself.
Define kin selection?
The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives.
Define Reciprocal altruism?
Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future.
Define passionate love?
An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction.
Define Companionate love?
An experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partners well-being.
Define social exchange?
The hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of costs to benefits.
Define equity?
A state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal.
Define social influence?
The ability to control another persons behaviour.
Define mere exposure effect?
The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure.
Define comparison level?
The cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship.
Define Norms?
Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture.
Define Norm of reciprocity?
The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them.
Define Normative influence?
A phenomenon that occurs when another persons behaviour provides info about what is inappropriate.
Define door-in-the-face technique?
An influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request.
Define conformity?
Tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it.
Define informational influence?
A phenomenon that occurs when another persons behaviour provides info about whats true.
Define persuasion?
A phenomenon that occurs when a persons attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person.
Define obedience?
The tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do.
Define systematic persuasion?
The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason.
Define attitude?
An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event.
Define belief?
An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event.
Define heuristic persuasion?
The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion.
Define foot-in-the-door technique?
Technique that involves making a small request and follow it with a large request.
Define cognitive dissonance?
Unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs.
Define social cognition?
The processes by which people come to understand others.
Define stereotyping?
The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong.
Define self-fulfilling prophecy?
Tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave.
Define stereotype threat?
The fear of confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold.
Define perceptual confirmation?
Tendency for people to see what they expect to see.
Define subtyping?
The tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them.
Define attribution?
An inference about the course of a persons behaviour.
Define Correspondence bias?
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution.
Define actor-observer effect?
The tendency to make situational attributions of our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviours of others.
