Chapter 11

Question 0

Define zygote?

Answer 0

a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg.

Question 1

Define developmental psychology?

Answer 1

the study of continuity and changes across the life span.

Question 2

What is the germinal stage?

Answer 2

The 2 week period of prenatal development that begins at conception. Zygote divides into two, four, eight cells and so on. Zygote migrates down fallopian tube and implants itself in the uterus. After implantation the zygote is then called an embryo.

Question 3

What is the embryonic stage?

Answer 3

the period of prenatal development that lasts from the 2nd week until the 8th week. During this time cells begin to differentiate. Merely an inch long the embryo has a beating heart and other body parts begin to form. Embryos with xy chromosomes begin to produce testosterone.

Question 4

What is the fetal stage?

Answer 4

the period of prenatal development that lasts from the 9th week until birth. The fetus develops a skeleton and muscles that allow movement. Insulating layer of fat develops under the skin. The digestive and respiratory systems mature. Brain cells begin to develop axons and dendrites, the axons also start undergoing myelination.

Question 5

Define teratogens?

Answer 5

agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses.

Question 6

Define fetal alcohol syndrome? (FAS)

Answer 6

A development disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy.

Question 7

Define infancy?

Answer 7

The stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months.

Question 8

Define motor development?

Answer 8

the emergence of the ability to execute physical action.

Question 9

What is the cephalocaudal rule?

Answer 9

The top to bottom rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet.

Question 10

What is the proximodistal rule?

Answer 10

The inside to outside rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the centre to the periphery.

Question 11

Define cognitive development?

Answer 11

The emergence of the ability to think and understand.

Question 12

What is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 12

A stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it.

Question 13

Define schemas?

Answer 13

theories about the way the world works.

Question 14

Define assimilation?

Answer 14

the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations.

Question 15

Define accommodation?

Answer 15

The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information.

Question 16

Define object permanence?

Answer 16

The belief that objects still exist even when they’re not visible.

Question 17

Define childhood?

Answer 17

the stage of development that begins at about 18 months to 24 months and lasts until adolescence which begins between 11 and 14 years.

Question 18

What is the preoperational stage?

Answer 18

The stage of cognitive development that begins at about 2 years and lasts until about years during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world.

Question 19

What is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 19

The stage of cognitive development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, during which children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects.

Question 20

Define conservation?

Answer 20

The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the objects appearance.

Question 21

What is the formal operational stage?

Answer 21

The final stage of cognitive development that begins around age 11, during which children learn to reason abstract concepts.

Question 22

Define egocentrism?

Answer 22

The failure to understand that the world appears differently to different people.

Question 23

Define theory of mind?

Answer 23

The understanding that human behaviour is guided by mental representations.

Question 24

Define attachment?

Answer 24

The emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary care givers.

Question 25

Define strange situation?

Answer 25

a behavioural test developed by mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child’s attachment style.

Question 26

Define temperaments?

Answer 26

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity.

Question 27

What is the internal working model of relationships?

Answer 27

a set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them.

Question 28

What is the preconventional stage?

Answer 28

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences of the actor.

Question 29

What is the conventional stage?

Answer 29

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules.

Question 30

What is the postconventional stage?

Answer 30

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values.

Question 31

Define adolesence?

Answer 31

The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity and lasts until the beginning of adulthood. Starts typically at 11-14 and ends at about 18-21.

Question 32

Define puberty?

Answer 32

the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity.

Question 33

WHat are primary sex characteristics?

Answer 33

Bodily structures that are directly involved with reproduction.

Question 34

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 34

Bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly in reproduction.

Question 35

Define adulthood?

Answer 35

The stage of development that begins around 18-21 years and ends at death.