Chapter 8 Flashcards
Cell Cycle
The sequence of events during which a cell experiences a period of growth followed by nuclear division and cytokinesis.
Mitosis
Nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei that are exact genetic copies of the parental nucleus
Meiosis
The division of diploid cells to haploid progeny. Consisting of two sequential rounds of nuclear and cellular division
Chromosome
The nuclear unit of genetic information, consisting of a DNA molecule and associated proteins.
Ploidy
The number of chromosome sets of a cell or species
Haploid
An organism or cell with only one copy of each type of chromosome in its nuclei
Diploid
An organism or cell with two copies of each type or chromosome in its nuclei
Chromatid
One half of a replicated chromosome. Each chromatid is one double helix of DNA.
Chromosome segregation
The equal distribution of daughter chromosomes to each of the two cells that result from cell division
Spindle
The structure that separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite spindle poles
Centromere
A specialized chromosomal region that connects sister chromatids and attaches them to the mitotic spindle
Centrosome
The main microtubule organizing centre of the cell, which organizes the microtubules cytoskeleton during interphase and positions many of the cytoplasmic organelles.
Kinechore
A specialized structure consisting of proteins attached to a centromere that mediates the attachment and movement of chromosomes along the mitotic spindle.
Cleavage furrow
Mitotic cell divisions of the zygote that produce a blastula from a fertilized ovum.
Cell plate
In cytokinesis in plants, a new cell wall that forms between the daughter nuclei and grows laterally until it divides the cytoplasm
Binary Fission
Prokaryotic cell division- splitting or dividing into two parts
Origin of Replication
A specific region at which replication of a bacterial chromosome commences
Interphase
The first stage of the mitotic cell cycle, during which the cell grows and replicates its DNA before undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis.
G1 Phase
The initial growth stage of the cell cycle in eukaryotes, during which the cell makes proteins and other types of cellular molecules but not nuclear DNA
S Phase
The phase of the cell cycle in which DNA replication occurs
G2 Phase
The phase of the cell cycle in eukaryotes during which the cell continues to synthesize proteins and grow completing interphase.
G0 Phase
The phase of the cell cycle in eukaryotes in which many cell types stop dividing
Prophase
The beginning phase of mitosis during which the duplicated chromosomes within the nucleus condense from a greatly extended state into compact, rod-like structures
Prometaphase
A transition period between prophase and metaphase during which the microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to the kinechores and the chromosomes shuffle until they align in the centre of the cell
