Chapter 6: Energy Flashcards
Redox reaction (including oxidation, oxidized, reduction, reduced):
Carbons of Glucose are oxidized to CO2 a loss of electrons. O2 is reduced to 2 H2O a gain of electrons.
Combustion
A reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light
Electron Carrier
Moves electrons from ones place to another (NADH)
NAD+
Needed for glycolysis to continue to make NADH
NADH
An electron carrier which is produced through glycolysis. Is made from pyruvate.
Intermembrane Space
In the ETC H+ ions are moved here from the matrix. A part of the mitochondrion.
Matrix
Where pyruvate is broken down and the Krebs cycle takes place. A part of the mitochondrion.
Glycolysis
6 Carbon Glucose is broken down to two 3 Carbon Pyruvate molecules. This produces 2 ATP and NADH. This takes place in the cytosol. By the end of glycoslysis the 2 ATP investment is recouped and 2 more ATP are obtained along with 2 molecules of NADH and 2 Pyruvate.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The production of ATP by phosphate transfer from substrate to ADP (how glycolysis makes ATP).
Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)
Per Acetyl-CoA: 2 CO2 is released, 3 NADH produced, 1 FADH2 produced, and 1 ATP produced. Takes place in the Mitochondria Matrix.
Coenzyme A
Attaches to 2 Carbons to produce acetyl-coenzyme A which is used in the Citric acid cycle.
FAD
This binds with an H+ ion to make FADH2.
FADH2
This is produced during the citric acid cycle.
What happens during Electron Transport?
Whilst transporting electrons energy is oven off (exergonic).
Cytochrome complex
A protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome.
ATP synthase
Uses 3H+ to make 1ATP from ADP. The energy comes from the concentration gradient. The potential energy of he concentration gradient is converted to chemical energy of ATP.
When is Oxidative phosphorylation (oxygen debt) used?
Used under low-demand exercise when enough oxygen reaches the muscle mitochondria.
Chemiosmosis
The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
During Anaerobic respiration, muscle O2 depletion leads to Lactic Acid production. Again only 2 ATP are produced, no CO2 release. Occurs in muscle tissue, also in making cheese and yogurt.
Alcoholic Fermentation
In the absence of O2 Yeast Ferment Glucose into Ethanol. However only 2 ATP are produced because the Electron Transport Chain is blocked.
Anerobic Respiration
Muscle O2 depletion leads to Lactic Acid production.
Bioenergetics
The application of thermodynamic principles to organisms and biological systems.
Investment Phase
ATP is invested to make Glucose more energetic
