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Biology 120 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell

A

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.

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2
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

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3
Q

RNA

A

RNA transcribed inside the nucleus is exported to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores. They act as a gateway allowing only specific materials in and out of the nuclear envelope

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4
Q

Microscopy

A

A technique used for producing visible images of objects, biological or otherwise, that are too small to be seen by the human eye.

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5
Q

Illumination

A

the act of illuminating or the state of being illuminated

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6
Q

Magnification

A

how much bigger you can make an object appear dependent upon the lens system

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7
Q

Resolution

A

measure of the clarity of the image or ability to differentiate between two dots dependent upon the wavelength of light used
==> Blue light has a shorter wavelength than red (400 vs 600 nm) so it will provide better resolution
==> x-rays have an even shorter wavelength and can provide even greater resolution

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8
Q

View

A

inside or outside of the cell, type of light

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and export of materials

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10
Q

Bilayer

A

A double layer of phospholipids in which the tails face inwards and are hydrophobic and the phosphate groups face outwards and are hydrophilic. This allows for the membrane to be selectively permeable.

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11
Q

Hydrophobic

A

‘repels water’

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12
Q

Hydrophilic

A

‘likes water’

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13
Q

Gene

A

A unit containing the code for a protein molecules or one of its parts, or functioning RNA molecules such as tRNA and rRNA

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All parts of the cell that surround the central nuclear or nucleoid region

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15
Q

Organelle

A

The nucleus and other specialized internal structures and compartments of eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The interconnected system of protein fibres and tubes that extends throughout the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

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17
Q

Prokaryote

A

Organism in which DNA is suspended in the cell interior without separation from other cellular components by a discrete membrane

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18
Q

Eukaryote

A

Organisms in which DNA is enclosed in a nucleus

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

The central region of eukaryotic cells, separated by membranes from the surrounding cytoplasm, where DNA replication and messenger RNA transcription occur

20
Q

Nucleoid

A

The central region of a prokaryotic cell with no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm, where DNA replication and RNA transcription occur

21
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

A RNA molecule that serves as a template for protein synthesis

22
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

The RNA component of ribosomes

23
Q

Ribosomes

A

ribonucleotide particle that carries out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids

24
Q

ATP

A

The primary agent that couples exergonic and endergonic reactions

25
Q

Flagellum

A

A thread-like protein fibre which extend from the surface of the cell and are used in bacteria and archeans to move through liquids and across wet surfaces.

26
Q

Pilus

A

Hair-like shafts of protein extending from the cell walls of some bacteria and archea. It’s main function is to attach the cell to the surfaces of other cells. There is a special type of ‘sex’ pilus which attaches one bacterium to another during mating.

27
Q

What makes something alive (7)

A
  1. Cells and Organization
  2. Energy Use and Metabolism
  3. Response to the Environment
  4. Homeostasis
  5. Growth and Development
  6. Reproduction
  7. Biological Evolution
28
Q

Describe cell theory (3)

A
  1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of all living organisms
  3. Cells cannot be created but come from existing cells
29
Q

4 basic structures in all living cells

A

==> DNA-containing region
==> Cytoplasm
==> Ribosomes
==> Plasma Membrane

30
Q

Typical Light Microscope

A

==> Very versatile
==> Uses light to illuminate the specimen
==> Generally uses contrast, pigments, or dyes
==> Types include phase contrast and differential interference contrast
==> Fluorescent microscopy is also used (fluorescent and confocal laser scanning)

31
Q

Typical Electron Microscope

A

==> Uses electrons to illuminate the specimen

==> 2 types are TEM and SEM

32
Q

Why are cells very small?

A

==> If cells increase in diameter they also increase in volume
==> However volume increases more rapidly than surface area
==> Thus, exchange of substances between the cell and its environment can become limiting

33
Q

Function of Plasma Membrane

A

Is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and determines what comes and goes from the cell.

34
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA

35
Q

Nucleolous

A

site of ribosome assembly, cells which are rapidly growing may have many

36
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA + protein, translates the genetic code (is technically an enzyme)

37
Q

Rought ER

A

Where ribosomes are

38
Q

Smooth ER

A

site of lipid and steroid synthesis

39
Q

Golgi

A

1 in animal cells, many in plant cells

traffics materials from the ER to other parts of the cell

40
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Sorts protein exports packages, synthesizes some cell wall material

41
Q

Lysosome

A

A digestive compartment

42
Q

Endomembrane system (5 components)

A

RER, Vesicles, Golgi complex, Secretory vesicles, and lysosomes

43
Q

Plastid types (4)

A
  1. Proplastid: undifferentiated 2. Etioplast: colourless chloroplast
  2. Amyloplast: Starch storage 4. Chromoplast: stores pigment in flowers and fruit
44
Q

Mitchondria

A

powerhouse of cell

45
Q

Cytoskeleton parts and functions (3)

A
  1. microtubules (shape, cilia and flagellum,organelle positioning, chromosome sorting, and cell motility)
  2. intermediate filaments (shape, strength, anchor cell membranes)
  3. microfilaments (shape, muscle contraction, movement, transport, cytoplasmic streaming)

Biology 120 (12 decks)

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