Chapter 8

Question 1

Aromatic hydrocarbons like benzoprene & methyl cholantherene are potent carcinogens in ____ smoke.

Answer 1

Aromatic hydrocarbons like benzoprene & methyl cholantherene are potent carcinogens in tobacco smoke.

Question 2

Aflatoxins produce ____ cancer.

Answer 2

Aflatoxins produce liver cancer.

Question 3

Occupational exposure to asbestos poses a risk for the development of a pleural tumor termed malignant ____. Malignant mesothelioma becomes evident 20 - 30 ____ following exposure to asbestos. Inhalation of asbestos fibers causes interstitial fibrosis of the lungs and pleural plaques. Asbestos fibers coated with protein and iron are called asbestos bodies.

Answer 3

Occupational exposure to asbestos poses a risk for the development of a pleural tumor termed malignant mesothelioma. Malignant mesothelioma becomes evident 20 - 30 years following exposure to asbestos. Inhalation of asbestos fibers causes interstitial fibrosis of the lungs and pleural plaques. Asbestos fibers coated with protein and iron are called asbestos bodies.

Question 4

GI hemorrhage leads to the loss of heme iron at a rate faster than it is replaced from dietary sources. This results in ____ cytic hypochromic anemia.

Answer 4

GI hemorrhage leads to the loss of heme iron at a rate faster than it is replaced from dietary sources. This results in microcytic hypochromic anemia.

Question 5

Anemias associated with deficiencies of folic acid and vitamin B12 are ____cytic.

Answer 5

Anemias associated with deficiencies of folic acid and vitamin B12 are macrocytic.

MNEMONIC: B 9 & 12 are bigger numbers so make bigger (macrocytic) cells.

Question 6

The major toxicity of ethylene glycol is acute tubular necrosis of the kidney, which results in ____ faliure.

Answer 6

The major toxicity of ethylene glycol is acute tubular necrosis of the kidney, which results in renal faliure.

Question 7

Fetal alcohol ____ is the most common acquired cause of mental retardation in the USA. The common features include intrauterine growth retardation, facial dysmorphology, neurologic impairment, and other congenital anomalies.

In cases with lesser manifestations, termed fetal alcohol effect, children later suffer from mental retardation and minor dysmorphic featires.

Answer 7

Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most common acquired cause of mental retardation in the USA. The common features include intrauterine growth retardation, facial dysmorphology, neurologic impairment, and other congenital anomalies.

In cases with lesser manifestations, termed fetal alcohol effect, children later suffer from mental retardation and minor dysmorphic featires.

Question 8

Cocaine may cause neonatal difficulties and heroin intake may result in neonates that are ____ to the opiate, but they have no facial dysmorphology.

Answer 8

Cocaine may cause neonatal difficulties and heroin intake may result in neonates that are addicted to the opiate, but they have no facial dysmorphology.

Question 9

Chronic lead poisoning inhibits delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferratochelatase, which are enzymes needed for ____ synthesis. This poisoning with lead causes ____ cytic hypochromic anemia.

The ____ of heme synthesis leads to the basophilic stippling of erythrocytes, which is due to residual ribosome clusters in the cytoplasm. Chronic exposure of children to lead also leads to cognitive loss.

Answer 9

Chronic lead poisoning inhibits delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferratochelatase, which are enzymes needed for heme synthesis. This poisoning with lead causes microcytic hypochromic anemia.

The inhibition of heme synthesis leads to the basophilic stippling of erythrocytes, which is due to residual ribosome clusters in the cytoplasm. Chronic exposure of children to lead also leads to cognitive loss.

Question 10

Mercury poisoning has ____ sequelae, but no hemotologic issues.

Answer 10

Mercury poisoning has neurologic sequelae, but no hemotologic issues.

Question 11

Occupational exposure to vinyl chloride is associated with the development of this malignant tumor of endothelial cells in the ____.

Answer 11

Occupational exposure to vinyl chloride is associated with the development of this malignant tumor of endothelial cells in the liver.

Question 12

Angiosarcoma is associated with exposure to ____ (a compound of pesticides) and Thorotrast.

Answer 12

Angiosarcoma is associated with exposure to arsenic (a compound of pesticides) and Thorotrast.

Question 13

Hepatic adenoma is associated with the use of oral ____.

Answer 13

Hepatic adenoma is associated with the use of oral contraceptives.

Question 14

Carbon Monoxide or CO combines with hemoglobin with an affinity 240 times ____ than that of oxygen to form carboxyhemoglobin. When carboxyhemoglobin concentation rises high enough cerebral anoxia, coma, convulsions, and death ensue.

Answer 14

Carbon Monoxide or CO combines with hemoglobin with an affinity 240 times greater than that of oxygen to form carboxyhemoglobin. When carboxyhemoglobin concentation rises high enough cerebral anoxia, coma, convulsions, and death ensue.

Question 15

Mercury released into the enviornment may be bioconcentrated and enter the foodchain, particularly predatory ____. Organic mercurials principally damage the brain, whereas inorganic mercury is toxic to the kidneys.

Answer 15

Mercury released into the enviornment may be bioconcentrated and enter the foodchain, particularly predatory fish. Organic mercurials principally damage the brain, whereas inorganic mercury is toxic to the kidneys.

Question 16

Exposure of the extremities to severe cold results in the crystallization of tissue water, which causes cellular disruption and vascuar changes resulting in ____ (necrosis). Localized thrombosis often leads to focal ischemia and ____ of the toes and fingers. Mechanical disruption of cellular membranes by ice crystals occurs during both freezing and thawing.

Answer 16

Exposure of the extremities to severe cold results in the crystallization of tissue water, which causes cellular disruption and vascuar changes resulting in frostbite (necrosis). Localized thrombosis often leads to focal ischemia and gangrene of the toes and fingers. Mechanical disruption of cellular membranes by ice crystals occurs during both freezing and thawing.

Question 17

The most common cause of death in seriously burned patients is ____ after infection of the burned skin

Answer 17

The most common cause of death in seriously burned patients is sepsis after infection of the burned skin

Question 18

Exertional heat stroke occurs in healthy men during unusually vigorous ____, particularly when the ambient temperature is ____. Lactic acidocis, hypocalcemia, and rhabdomyolysis may be severe problems.

Answer 18

Exertional heat stroke occurs in healthy men during unusually vigorous exercise, particularly when the ambient temperature is high. Lactic acidocis, hypocalcemia, and rhabdomyolysis may be severe problems.

Question 19

Electrical energy disrupts the electrical system within the heart and causes death via ventricular ____.

Answer 19

Electrical energy disrupts the electrical system within the heart and causes death via ventricular fibrilation.

Question 20

Radiation sickness:

Acture total-body irradiation of ____ rads causes depression of the bone marrow, and symptoms related to granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia develop within 2 weeks. Anemia follows more slowly because red blood cells have a longer lifespan than leukocytes or platelets.

Exposure to 3,000 rads is ____.

A radiation dose of ____ rads causes destruction of tissues composed of proliferating cells. Damage to the GI tract is the most serious consequence and ensues within days of exposure. Death results from massive fluid loss from the denuded intestinal mucosa and superimposed passage of bacteria through the damaged intestine.

Answer 20

Radiation sickness:

Acture total-body irradiation of 300 rads causes depression of the bone marrow, and symptoms related to granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia develop within 2 weeks. Anemia follows more slowly because red blood cells have a longer lifespan than leukocytes or platelets.

Exposure to 3,000 rads is fatal.

A radiation dose of 1,000 rads causes destruction of tissues composed of proliferating cells. Damage to the GI tract is the most serious consequence and ensues within days of exposure. Death results from massive fluid loss from the denuded intestinal mucosa and superimposed passage of bacteria through the damaged intestine.

Question 21

Ionizing ____ administered for the treatment of cancer must first traverse the skin, leading to radiation ____. Skin biopsy shows atrophy of the epidermis and dense fibrosis of the dermis, which displays dilated superficial blood vessels.

Answer 21

Ionizing radiation administered for the treatment of cancer must first traverse the skin, leading to radiation dermatitis. Skin biopsy shows atrophy of the epidermis and dense fibrosis of the dermis, which displays dilated superficial blood vessels.

Question 22

The absorption of microwave energy produces only heat and is ____ associated with any known health risks.

Answer 22

The absorption of microwave energy produces only heat and is not associated with any known health risks.

Question 23

Vitamin C is essential for ____ synthesis, and its deficiency results in poor WOUND HEALING. Impaired collagen synthesis leads to gingivitis and alveolar bone resorption, resulting in loss of TEETH. Wound healing requires collagen synthesis and is impaired in patients with vitamin C deficiency called ____.

Answer 23

Vitamin C is essential for collages synthesis, and its deficiency results in poor wound healing. Impaired collagen synthesis leads to gingivitis and alveolar bone resorption, resulting in loss of teeth. Wound healing requires collagen synthesis and is impaired in patients with vitamin C deficiency called scurvy.

Question 24

____ deficiency leads to the 3 D’s: dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia in Pellegra.

Answer 24

Niacin deficiency leads to the 3 D’s: dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia in Pellegra.

Question 25

Lipid malabsorption interferes with the ____ of vitamin D, thereby leading to a deficiency of vitamin D. In adults, vitamin D deficicency results in ____, a disorder characterized by inadequate mineralization of newly formed bone matrix. The consequent weakness of bone is associated with a vulnerability to ____.

Vitamin D deficiency in children is called ____.

Answer 25

Lipid malabsorption interferes with the absorption of vitamin D, thereby leading to a deficiency of vitamin D. In adults, vitamin D deficicency results in osteomalacia, a disorder characterized by inadequate mineralization of newly formed bone matrix. The consequent weakness of bone is associated with a vulnerability to fractures.

Vitamin D deficiency in children is called Rickets.

Question 26

Thiamine, B1, deficiency in alcoholics results in encephalopathy & peripheral neuropathy. Patients will typically suffer from beri-beri of the ____ and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome of the ____. ____ of the mammillary bodies, wih a loss of ganglion cells and rupture of small blood vessels is charictaristic in B1 deficiency due to alcoholism.

Answer 26

Thiamine, B1, deficiency in alcoholics results in encephalopathy & peripheral neuropathy. Patients will typically suffer from beri-beri of the heart and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome of the brain. Atrophy of the mammillary bodies, wih a loss of ganglion cells and rupture of small blood vessels is charictaristic in B1 deficiency due to alcoholism.

Question 27

Vitamin ____ deficiency causes squamous metaplasia. In the cornea, it leads to xerophthalamia (dry eye), which may progress to softening of the tissue (keratomalacia) and corneal ulceration.

Answer 27

Vitamin A deficiency causes squamous metaplasia. In the cornea, it leads to xerophthalamia (dry eye), which may progress to softening of the tissue (keratomalacia) and corneal ulceration.

Question 28

The introduction of bacteria by IV drug abuse may lead to sptic complications in many organs. Bacterial ____ carditis, often involving Staphylococcus aureus, may occur on both sides of the heart. Infected emboli can ____ vessels leading to gangrene. Infected emboli in the brain can cause cerebral abscess.

Answer 28

The introduction of bacteria by IV drug abuse may lead to sptic complications in many organs. Bacterial endocarditis, often involving Staphylococcus aureus, may occur on both sides of the heart. Infected emboli can occlude vessels leading to gangrene. Infected emboli in the brain can cause cerebral abscess.

Question 29

Vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, deficicncy is usually a result of ____ anemia (loss of intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells of stomach = an autoimmune disease of the stomach). B12 is required for DNA synthesis and its deficiency results in LARGE ____ nuclei.

Answer 29

Vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, deficicncy is usually a result of pernicious anemia (loss of intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells of stomach = an autoimmune disease of the stomach). B12 is required for DNA synthesis and its deficiency results in LARGE MEGALOBLASTIC nuclei.

Question 30

Kwashiorkor is a syndome that results from a deficiency of ____ in a diet high in carbohydrates. It is a disease of infancy mainly in the 3rd world. It occurs after an infant is weaned and when a ____-poor diet, consisting of carbohydrates, replaces mother’s milk.

Symptoms include edema, large fatty ____, and depigmintation of she skin. Extreme apathy is notable, diarrhea is common, and anemia is the rule.

They ____ fat stores since they eat carbs & they have edema since they lack ____.

Changes are REVERSIBLE if the kid gets ____.

Answer 30

Kwashiorkor is a syndome that results from a deficiency of protein in a diet high in carbohydrates. It is a disease of infancy mainly in the 3rd world. It occurs after an infant is weaned and when a PROTEIN-poor diet, consisting of carbohydrates, replaces mother’s milk.

Symptoms include edema, large fatty liver, and depigmintation of she skin. Extreme apathy is notable, diarrhea is common, and anemia is the rule.

They KEEP fat stores since they eat carbs & they have edema since they lack protein.

Changes are REVERSIBLE if the kid gets PROTEIN.

Mnemonic: Apathy is due to the lack of PROTEIN

Question 31

____ is inadequate energy intake in all elements of diet, including protein. It is common in the 3rd world, particularly when breast feeding is ____, and a child must subsist on a calorically inadequate diet. The pathological changes are similar to those in starving adults and consist of decreased body weight, diminished subcutaneous fat, a protuberant abdomen, muscle wasting, and a wrinkled face. In general, the child appears like a shrunken old person.

There is no edema and pulse, BP, and temperature are ____, and diarrhea is common. Because immune responses are impaired, the child suffers from numerous infections. An important consequence of marasmus is growth failiure. If these children are not provided with an adequate diet during childhood, they will not reach their full potential stature as adults.

They ____ fat stores since they do not get enough carbs, proteins, or fats & they do ____ have edema since they lack protein.

Answer 31

Marasmus is inadequate energy intake in all elements of diet, including protein. It is common in the 3rd world, particularly when breast feeding is stopped, and a child must subsist on a calorically inadequate diet. The pathological changes are similar to those in starving adults and consist of decreased body weight, diminished subcutaneous fat, a protuberant abdomen, muscle wasting, and a wrinkled face. In general, the child appears like a shrunken old person.

There is no edema and pulse, BP, and temperature are low, and diarrhea is common. Because immune responses are impaired, the child suffers from numerous infections. An important consequence of marasmus is growth failiure. If these children are not provided with an adequate diet during childhood, they will not reach their full potential stature as adults.

They lose fat stores since they do not get enough carbs, proteins, or fats & they do not have edema since they lack protein.

Question 32

Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn may be causes by a deficiency of vitamin ____. Vitamin ____ is an important coagulation factor. Newborns frequently exhibit vitamin ____ deficiency because the vitamin is not transported well across the placenta, and the sterile gut of the newborn does not have bacteria to produce it.

Answer 32

Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn may be causes by a deficiency of vitamin K. Vitamin K is an important coagulation factor. Newborns frequently exhibit vitamin K deficiency because the vitamin is not transported well across the placenta, and the sterile gut of the newborn does not have bacteria to produce it.

Question 33

Cheilosis refers to fissures at the angles of the mouth and is a common finding in patients with vitamin ____ deficiency. These patients also have seborrheic keratosis and intersitial keratitis of the cornea.

Answer 33

Cheilosis refers to fissures at the angles of the mouth and is a common finding in patients with vitamin B2 Riboflavin deficiency. These patients also have seborrheic keratosis and intersitial keratitis of the cornea.

Question 34

Vitamin B12, which is necessary for ____ synthesis, is contained ____ in animal products, including eggs. Extreme vegitarians may suffer from vitamin B12 deficiency after many years of a restriced diet. This gives a ____ CYTIC anemia simmilar to that seen in pernicious anemia.

Answer 34

Vitamin B12, which is necessary for DNA synthesis, is contained only in animal products, including eggs. Extreme vegitarians may suffer from vitamin B12 deficiency after many years of a restriced diet. This gives a MACROCYTIC anemia simmilar to that seen in pernicious anemia.

Question 35

Alcohol cardiomyopathy correlates with the total lifetime dose of alcohol and leads to dilation and ____ of the heart (cardiomegaly). The disorder may cause congestive heart faliure.

Answer 35

Alcohol cardiomyopathy correlates with the total lifetime dose of alcohol and leads to dilation and hypertrophy of the heart (cardiomegaly). The disorder may cause congestive heart faliure.

Question 36

Cigararette smoking and diabetes mellitus are associated with coronary ____ disease.

Rheumatic heart disease features ____ abnormalities.

Answer 36

Cigararette smoking and diabetes mellitus are associated with coronary artery disease.

Rheumatic heart disease features valvular abnormalities.

Question 37

Fetal tobacco syndrome refers to the deleterious effects of maternal ____ smoking on the fetus. Infants born to smoking mothers durig pregnancy, are on average 200g ____ than normal infants. They are not born preterm, but are small for their gestational age.

The incidence of abrupito placentae, placenta previa, uterine bleeding, and premature ruptue of the membranes are all ____ in women who smoke. Injurious effects of fetal tobacco syndrome extend to the physical, cognitive, and emotional development of children at older ages.

Answer 37

Fetal tobacco syndrome refers to the deleterious effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus. Infants born to smoking mothers durig pregnancy, are on average 200g lighter than normal infants. They are not born preterm, but are small for their gestational age.

The incidence of abrupito placentae, placenta previa, uterine bleeding, and premature ruptue of the membranes are all increased in women who smoke. Injurious effects of fetal tobacco syndrome extend to the physical, cognitive, and emotional development of children at older ages.

Question 38

Cigarette smoking is recognized as a major independent risk factor for MI and acts ____ with other risk factors like high BP and high cholesterol levels. It also increases the risk for sudden cardiac death, possibly by exacerbating regional ischemia.

____ of the coronary arteries and the aorta is more severe and extensive among cigarette smokers.

Answer 38

Cigarette smoking is recognized as a major independent risk factor for MI and acts synergistically with other risk factors like high BP and high cholesterol levels. It also increases the risk for sudden cardiac death, possibly by exacerbating regional ischemia.

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and the aorta is more severe and extensive among cigarette smokers.

Question 39

Chronic alcohol consumption may develop dilated ____.

Answer 39

Chronic alcohol consumption may develop dilated cardiomyopathy.

Question 40

Cigarette smoking is STRONGLY related to ____ cancer.

Answer 40

Cigarette smoking is STRONGLY related to pancreatic cancer.

Question 41

Cocaine overdose leads to anxiety, delerium, and seizures. Cardiac ____ and other effects on the heart may cause sudden death in otherwise healthy persons.

Chronic abuse of cocaine is associated witht the occasional development of a characteristic dilated cardio ____.

Answer 41

Cocaine overdose leads to anxiety, delerium, and seizures. Cardiac arrhythmias and other effects on the heart may cause sudden death in otherwise healthy persons.

Chronic abuse of cocaine is associated witht the occasional development of a characteristic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Question 42

Cancers of the lip, tongue, and buccal mucosa occur in ____ users. Cancer of the larynx and esophagus also result from ____.

Answer 42

Cancers of the lip, tongue, and buccal mucosa occur in tobacco users. Cancer of the larynx and esophagus also result from smoking.

Question 43

All cases of benzene toxicity occur due to industrial exposure. Acute benzene poisoning primarily affects the ____, and death results from respiratory faliure.

In chronic Benzene intoxication, the bone ____ is the principal target. Patients who develop hematologic abnormalities exibit hypoplasia or aplasia of the bone marrow and pancytopenia (Cytopenia is a reduction in the number of blood cells). The major disease of benzene intoxication is acute myeloblastic ____.

Answer 43

All cases of benzene toxicity occur due to industrial exposure. Acute benzene poisoning primarily affects the CNS, and death results from respiratory faliure.

In chronic Benzene intoxication, the bone marrow is the principal target. Patients who develop hematologic abnormalities exibit hypoplasia or aplasia of the bone marrow and pancytopenia (Cytopenia is a reduction in the number of blood cells). The major disease of benzene intoxication is acute myeloblastic leukemia.

Question 44

Whole-body radiation can lead to chronic ____ leukemia. Patients typically have hepatosplenomegaly and work at nuclear powerplants.

Answer 44

Whole-body radiation can lead to chronic myelogenous leukemia. Patients typically have hepatosplenomegaly and work at nuclear powerplants.

Question 45

Vitamin K deficiency is common in severe fat ____, as seen in ____ disease and bilary tract obstruction. The destruction of intestinal flora by antibiotics may also result in vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is important in ____. Deficiency of vitamin K can lead to catastrophic ____.

Answer 45

Vitamin K deficiency is common in severe fat malabsorption, as seen in ciliac disease and bilary tract obstruction. The destruction of intestinal flora by antibiotics may also result in vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is important in clotting. Deficiency of vitamin K can lead to catastrophic bleeding.

Question 46

A laceration is a ____ tear of the skin produced by a force that cuases unidirectional displacement. A surgical incision is a controlled ____.

Answer 46

A laceration is a linear tear of the skin produced by a force that cuases unidirectional displacement. A surgical incision is a controlled laceration.

Question 47

____ = scrape of skin.

Answer 47

Abrasion = scrape of skin.

Question 48

____ is a tearing away or forcible separation.

Answer 48

Avulsion is a tearing away or forcible separation.

Question 49

A ____ is a localized mechanical injury with focal hemorrhage.

Answer 49

A contusion is a localized mechanical injury with focal hemorrhage.

Question 50

Questions I got wrong:

Answer 50

None.