Chapter 2 Flashcards
Thick, yellow fluid draining from the breast respresents ______ exudate associated with pathologic conditions like pyogenic bacterial infections. The prodominant cell type in this secretion is the ______.
Thick, yellow fluid draining from the breast respresents purulent exudate associated with pathologic conditions like pyogenic bacterial infections. The prodominant cell type in this secretion is the neutrophil.
Mast cells have _____ receptors on their surface and are vasoactive mediators, particularly in response to _____.
Mast cells have IgE receptors on their surface and are vasoactive mediators, particularly in response to allergens.
B lymphocytes and plamsa cells are mediators of _____ inflammation and provide antigen-specific immunity to infectious diseases.
B lymphocytes and plamsa cells are mediators of chronic inflammation and provide antigen-specific immunity to infectious diseases.
The products of the complement cascade cause local edema by increasing the ____ of blood vessels. They also promote the chemotaxis of leukocytes and ____ cells via the membrane attack complex and act as opsonins by coating bacteria.
The products of the complement cascade cause local edema by increasing the permeability of blood vessels. They also promote the chemotaxis of leukocytes and lyse cells via the membrane attack complex and act as opsonins by coating bacteria.
The most potent chemotactic factors for leukocytes are:
1)
2)
3)
4)
The most potent chemotactic factors for leukocytes are:
1) complement proteins
2) bacterial and mitochondrial products: especialy N-formylated peptides
3) Products of arachadonic acid metabolism: especially LTB4
4) Chemokines: interleukin 1 & interferon gamma.
During _____ inflammation, neutrophils adhere to the vascular endothelium. They are observed in MI.
During acute inflammation, neutrophils adhere to the vascular endothelium. They are observed in MI.
Fibroblasts and macrophages regulate _____ tissue formation @ the site of infarction.
Fibroblasts and macrophages regulate scar tissue formation @ the site of infarction.
During inflammation, an increase in the _____ of the endothelial cell barrier results in local edema. Vaso_____ of arterioles exacerbates fluid leakage, and vaso______ of postcapillary venules increases the _____ pressure in the capillary bed.
During inflammation, an increase in the permeability of the endothelial cell barrier results in local edema. Vasodilation of arterioles exacerbates fluid leakage, and vasoconstriction of postcapillary venules increases the hydrostatic pressure in the capillary bed.
______ factor is a source of vasoactive mediators. Activation of this protein activates complement, coagulation, & fibronylitic (Fibrinolysis is a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic) systems.
Hageman factor is a source of vasoactive mediators. Activation of this protein activates complement, coagulation, & fibronylitic (Fibrinolysis is a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic) systems.
Lipopolysaccharide released from gram negatives causes monocytes/ macrophages to release _____. TNF-a causes direct cytotoxic damage to capillary endothelial cells.
Lipopolysaccharide released from gram negatives causes monocytes/ macrophages to release TNF-a. TNF-a causes direct cytotoxic damage to capillary endothelial cells.
_____ inflammation describes a condition in which purulent exudate is accompanied by liqueface necrosis. Abscesses are composed of a central cavity filled with _____ that are surrounded by a layer of granulation tissue.
Suppurative inflammation describes a condition in which purulent exudate is accompanied by liqueface necrosis. Abscesses are composed of a central cavity filled with pus that are surrounded by a layer of granulation tissue.
A _____ denotes edema with low protein (Albumin) content.
An _____ is edema with high protein content and has prominent PMNs.
A _____ _____ is characterized by the absense of PMN’s and has a yellow, straw-like color.
Pleural _____ = a purulent exudate.
A transudate denotes edema with low protein (Albumin) content.
An exudate is edema with high protein content and has prominent PMNs.
A serous exudate is characterized by the absense of PMN’s and has a yellow, straw-like color.
Pleural effusion = a purulent exudate.
_____ are evident during allergic reactions and parasitic infestations. Infections with Trichinella have eosinophilia & elevated _____ kinase, and skeletal muscle is infiltrated with eosinophils. Patients with muscular dystrophy have elevated levels of creatine kinase but no eosinophils. Bacterial infections have high _____ and affected tissues are infiltrated with PMNs. Viral infections have high levels of _____ & _____ lymphocytes.
Eosinophils are evident during allergic reactions and parasitic infestations. Infections with Trichinella have eosinophilia & elevated creatine kinase, and skeletal muscle is infiltrated with eosinophils. Patients with muscular dystrophy have elevated levels of creatine kinase but no eosinophuls. Bacterial infections have high neutrophils and affected tissues are infiltrated with PMNs. Viral infections have high levels of B & T lymphocytes.
Children with a deficiency of _____ result in a faliure to produce superoxide anion and H2O2 for phagocytosis. People with this disorder (chronic granulotomous disease) are succeptible to recurrent bacterial infections.
Children with a deficiency of NADPH oxidase result in a faliure to produce superoxide anion and H2O2 for phagocytosis. People with this disorder (chronic granulotomous disease) are succeptible to recurrent bacterial infections.
Patients with deficiency of _____ cannot produce hypochlorous acid HOCl and have increased susceptibility to infections with the fungal pathogen Candida.
Patients with deficiency of myeloperoxidase cannot produce hypochlorous acid HOCl and have increased susceptibility to infections with the fungal pathogen Candida.
Deficiency of C1 _____ is associated with hereditary angioedema, which is characterized by episodic, painless, nonpitting edema of soft tissues. It is a result of chronic complement activation.
Deficiency of C1 inhibitor is associated with hereditary angioedema, which is characterized by episodic, painless, nonpitting edema of soft tissues. It is a result of chronic complement activation.
Eosinophils are recruited during _____ infection in patients with schistosomiasis. Eosinophils contain leukotrienes and platelet activating factor as well as acid phosphatase and eosinophil major basic protein.
Eosinophils are recruited during parasitic infection in patients with schistosomiasis. Eosinophils contain leukotrienes and platelet activating factor as well as acid phosphatase and eosinophil major basic protein.
_____ inflammation is lymphocyte mediated with antibody producing plasma cells and macrophages.
Chronic inflammation is lymphocyte mediated with antibody producing plasma cells and macrophages.
Neutrophils are associated with _____ inflammation.
Neutrophils are associated with acute inflammation.
Patients with viral myocarditis show an accumulation of _____ in the heart muscle. Naive lymphocytes encounter antigen presenting cells in secondary lymphoid organs and become _____. After activation, lymphocytes are recruited to peripheral tissues like the heart.
Patients with viral myocarditis show an accumulation of lymphocytes in the heart muscle. Naive lymphocytes encounter antigen presenting cells in secondary lymphoid organs and become activated. After activation, lymphocytes are recruited to peripheral tissues like the heart.
Phagocytosis of biologic agents is enhanced by their coating with plasma components called _____. The major opsonins are _____ or _____ from complement.
Phagocytosis of biologic agents is enhanced by their coating with plasma components called opsonins. The major opsonins are immunoglobulins or C3b from complement.
When the response of neutrophils is extensive or unregulated, the chemical mediators of inflammation may prolong tissue _____. Thus, the same neutrophil derived _____ enzymes that are beneficil when active intracellularly may become harmful when released into the _____ space.
When the response of neutrophils is extensive or unregulated, the chemical mediators of inflammation may prolong tissue damage. Thus, the same neutrophil derived lysosomal enzymes that are beneficil when active intracellularly may become harmful when released into the extracellular space.
Lysozyme _____ the peptidoglycans of gram-positive bacterial cell walls.
Lysozyme degrades the peptidoglycans of gram-positive bacterial cell walls.
The initial response of arterioles to neurogenic and chemical stimuli is transient vaso _____, which cause blanching of the skin. However, shortly after, vasodilation occurs and an increase in blood flow occurs in the inflammed area = active _____.
The initial response of arterioles to neurogenic and chemical stimuli is transient vasoconstriction, which cause blanching of the skin. However, shortly after, vasodilation occurs and an increase in blood flow occurs in the inflammed area = active hyperemia.
Chemical mediators like _____ are released by chronic inflammatory cells in the lungs of athmatic patients which stimulates bronchial mucous production and broncho _____. Leukotrienes are derived from arachadonic acid and stimulate the _____ of smooth muscle and enhance vascular permeability. They are involved with asthma and other _____ reactions.
Chemical mediators like leukotrienes are released by chronic inflammatory cells in the lungs of athmatic patients which stimulates bronchial mucous production and bronchoconstriction. Leukotrienes are derived from arachadonic acid and stimulate the contraction of smooth muscle and enhance vascular permeability. They are involved with asthma and other allergic reactions.
When IgE sensitized _____ cells are stimulated by antigen, preformed mediators of inflammation like _____ are secreted into the extracellular tissues and increase vascular permeability which leads to edema. Massive release of histamine may cause circulatory collapse via _____ shock.
When IgE sensitized mast cells are stimulated by antigen, preformed mediators of inflammation like histamine are secreted into the extracellular tissues and increase vascular permeability which leads to edema. Massive release of histamine may cause circulatory collapse via anaphylactic shock.
