Chapter 7

Question 1

_____ ventricular faliure leads to chronic passive congestion of the lungs. Blood leaks from the congested pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli. Alveolar macrophages degrade RBCs and accumulate _____ and are called heart faliure cells.

Answer 1

Left ventricular faliure leads to chronic passive congestion of the lungs. Blood leaks from the congested pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli. Alveolar macrophages degrade RBCs and accumulate hemosiderin and are called heart faliure cells.

Question 2

Diffuse alveolar damage with _____ membranes is a feature of adult respiratory distress syndrome.

Answer 2

Diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membranes is a feature of adult respiratory distress syndrome.

Question 3

Plexiform lesions are seen in pulmonary _____.

Answer 3

Plexiform lesions are seen in pulmonary hypertension.

Question 4

Septic shock results from a systemic inflammatory response syndrome that leads to multiple organ dysfunction and _____ tension. Clinical features include 2 or more signs of systemic inflammation including fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, leukocytosis, or leukopenia. Septicemia with gram _____ organisms is the most common cause of septic shock.

Answer 4

Septic shock results from a systemic inflammatory response syndrome that leads to multiple organ dysfunction and hypotension. Clinical features include 2 or more signs of systemic inflammation including fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, leukocytosis, or leukopenia. Septicemia with gram negative organisms is the most common cause of septic shock.

Question 5

Anaphylactic shock occurs during a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction.

Answer 5

Anaphylactic shock occurs during a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

Question 6

Hypotension caused by post-partum bleeding can rarely lead to _____ to the pituitary (hypopituitarism). The pituitary is suceptible at this time because its enlargement during pregnancy renders it vulnerable to a _____ in blood flow.

Answer 6

Hypotension caused by post-partum bleeding can rarely lead to infarction to the pituitary (hypopituitarism). The pituitary is suceptible at this time because its enlargement during pregnancy renders it vulnerable to a reduction in blood flow.

Question 7

Pericardial fluid may accumulate rapidly, particularly with hemorrhage caused by a ruptured myocardial infact, dissecting aortic aneurysm, or trauma. In these circumastances, the pressure in the pericardial cavity _____ the filling pressure of the heart, a condition termed cardiac tamponade.

Electromechanical dissociation is a heart rhythm that _____ produce a pulse, but does not. Pathogenisis of dissecting aortic aneurysm in most cases is due to weakening of the aortic _____ & most patients have a history of hypertension.

Answer 7

Pericardial fluid may accumulate rapidly, particularly with hemorrhage caused by a ruptured myocardial infact, dissecting aortic aneurysm, or trauma. In these circumastances, the pressure in the pericardial cavity exceeds the filling pressure of the heart, a condition termed cardiac tamponade.

Electromechanical dissociation is a heart rhythm that should produce a pulse, but does not. Pathogenisis of dissecting aortic aneurysm in most cases is due to weakening of the aortic media & most patients have a history of hypertension.

Question 8

Disseminated intravascular coagulation = widespead _____ changes secondary to microvascular thrombi. It is a pathological activation of _____ mechanisms that happens in response to a variety of diseases

Answer 8

Disseminated intravascular coagulation = widespead ischemic changes secondary to microvascular thrombi. It is a pathological activation of coagulation (blood clotting) mechanisms that happens in response to a variety of diseases

Question 9

Passive hyperemia (chronic passive congestion) refers to the engorgement of an organ with _____ blood. Passive hyperemia occurs in Budd-Chiari syndrome.

Answer 9

Passive hyperemia (chronic passive congestion) refers to the engorgement of an organ with venous blood. Passive hyperemia occurs in Budd-Chiari syndrome.

Question 10

Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis have _____ hypertension (increased hydrostatic pressure) and bleeding esophageal varicies. Massive hematemisis is a frequent cause of death in patients with _____ varicies.

Answer 10

Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis have portal hypertension (increased hydrostatic pressure) and bleeding esophageal varicies. Massive hematemisis is a frequent cause of death in patients with esophageal varicies.

Question 11

_____ intravascular oncotic pressure contributes to the development of ascites in patients with cirrhosis.

But increased _____ hydrostatic pressure contributes to esophageal varicies (dialated esophageal veins) in patients with cirrhosis.

Answer 11

Decreased intravascular oncotic pressure contributes to the development of ascites in patients with cirrhosis.

But increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure contributes to esophageal varicies (dialated esophageal veins) in patients with cirrhosis.

Question 12

Patient’s with _____ heart faliure may develop pulmonary embolism. Small pulmonary emboli rarely cause infarctions because of the _____ blood supply to the lungs and because Oxygen can diffuse from the alveoli to into the lung tissue.

Answer 12

Patient’s with congestive heart faliure may develop pulmonary embolism. Small pulmonary emboli rarely cause infarctions because of the dual blood supply to the lungs and because Oxygen can diffuse from the alveoli to into the lung tissue.

Question 13

Fat emboli originate from adipose tissue in the medulla of fractured _____ bones. Fat carried by _____ blood reaches the lungs, filters through the pulmonary circulation, enters arterial blood, and is disseminated throughout the body. The occlusion of cerebral arteries is accompanied by petechial hemmhorages in the brain and is the most important complication of _____ embolism

Answer 13

Fat emboli originate from adipose tissue in the medulla of fractured long bones. Fat carried by venous blood reaches the lungs, filters through the pulmonary circulation, enters arterial blood, and is disseminated throughout the body. The occlusion of cerebral arteries is accompanied by petechial hemmhorages in the brain and is the most important complication of fat embolism

Question 14

Paradoxical embolism refers to emboli that arise in the venous circulation and bypass the lungs by traveling though an incompletely closed foramen _____ (fetal cardiac shunt), subsequently entering the arterial circulation.

Answer 14

Paradoxical embolism refers to emboli that arise in the venous circulation and bypass the lungs by traveling though an incompletely closed foramen ovale (fetal cardiac shunt), subsequently entering the arterial circulation.

Question 15

Septicemia with gram _____ organisms is the most common cause of septic shock. The invading bacteria are responsible for the release of endotoxin, a _____. On entry into the circulation, LPS binds to the surface of monocytes/ macrophages. In septic shock, TNF-_____ is released in excess, resulting in effects that are often lethal.

Answer 15

Septicemia with gram negative organisms is the most common cause of septic shock. The invading bacteria are responsible for the release of endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide. On entry into the circulation, LPS binds to the surface of monocytes/ macrophages. In septic shock, TNF-a is released in excess, resulting in effects that are often lethal.

Question 16

The _____ is the most common source of arterial thromboemboli, which usually arise from mural thrombi or diseased valves. These emboli tend to lodge at points where the vessel lumen narrows abruptly.

Answer 16

The heart is the most common source of arterial thromboemboli, which usually arise from mural thrombi or diseased valves. These emboli tend to lodge at points where the vessel lumen narrows abruptly.

Question 17

Embolism is the passage through the venous or arterial circulations of any material capable of lodging in a blood vessel and thus _____ its lumen.

IV drug users who use _____ as a carrier for illicit drugs may introduce it into the the lung via the bloodstream (i.e., a venous embolism).

Answer 17

Embolism is the passage through the venous or arterial circulations of any material capable of lodging in a blood vessel and thus obstruct its lumen.

IV drug users who use talc as a carrier for illicit drugs may introduce it into the the lung via the bloodstream (i.e., a venous embolism).

Question 18

Amniotic fluid embolism refers to the entry of amniotic fluid containing fetal cells and debris into the _____ circulation through open uterine and cervical veins. The clinical presentation of amniotic fluid embolism can give sudden cyanosis and shock, followed by coma and death.

If the mother survives, she may _____ of diseminated intravascular coagulation. DIC leads to the formation of small blood clots inside the blood vessels throughout the body. Should she _____ DIC, she is at risk for developing acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Answer 18

Amniotic fluid embolism refers to the entry of amniotic fluid containing fetal cells and debris into the maternal circulation through open uterine and cervical veins. The clinical presentation of amniotic fluid embolism can give sudden cyanosis and shock, followed by coma and death.

If the mother survives, she may die of diseminated intravascular coagulation. DIC leads to the formation of small blood clots inside the blood vessels throughout the body. Should she overcome DIC, she is at risk for developing acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Question 19

An increase in venous pressure from chronic heart faliure, results in an _____ in the volume of blood in many organs. The liver is vulnerable to chronic passive congestion because the hepatic veins empty into the vena cava immediatly inferior to heart. The central veins of the hepatic lobules become _____ and the increased venous pressure leads to dilation of the sinusoids and pressure atrophy of the centrilobular hepatocytes.

Answer 19

An increase in venous pressure from chronic heart faliure, results in an increase in the volume of blood in many organs. The liver is vulnerable to chronic passive congestion because the hepatic veins empty into the vena cava immediatly inferior to heart. The central veins of the hepatic lobules become dilated and the increased venous pressure leads to dilation of the sinusoids and pressure atrophy of the centrilobular hepatocytes.

Question 20

Budd-Chiari syndrome is thrombosis of the hepatic _____, and may cause hepatomegaly.

Answer 20

Budd-Chiari syndrome is thrombosis of the hepatic vein, and may cause hepatomegaly.

Question 21

Melena is black stool & is a symptom of _____ GI bleeding. Blood from the ruptured esophageal varicies or a peptic ulcer is partially digested by _____ acid. Hemoglobin is then transformed into the black pigment hematin which gives it its black, tarry appearance.

Answer 21

Melena is black stool & is a symptom of upper GI bleeding. Blood from the ruptured esophageal varicies or a peptic ulcer is partially digested by hydrochloric acid. Hemoglobin is then transformed into the black pigment hematin which gives it its black, tarry appearance.

Question 22

Hematochezia is passage of bloody stools to to _____ GI bleeding.

Answer 22

Hematochezia is passage of bloody stools to to lower GI bleeding.

Question 23

Steatorrhea is passage of fatty stools caused by _____ disease and malabsorption.

Answer 23

Steatorrhea is passage of fatty stools caused by pancreatic disease and malabsorption.

Question 24

Venous thrombosis is caused by the same factors that predispose to arterial thrombosis like endothelial injury, stasis, and a hypercoagulable state. Stasis from inactivity is a huge cause for deep _____ thrombosis. Most venous thromboses occur in the deep veins of the _____.

One of the most tragic things is the sudden death of a patient who appeared to be recovering. The cause of this catastrophe is often a massive pulmonary embolism caused by _____. A large pulmonary embolus may lodge at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery (saddle embolus), obstructing blood flow to _____ lungs. The patient then experiences sever hypotension and may die in minutes.

Answer 24

Venous thrombosis is caused by the same factors that predispose to arterial thrombosis like endothelial injury, stasis, and a hypercoagulable state. Stasis from inactivity is a huge cause for deep venous thrombosis. Most venous thromboses occur in the deep veins of the legs.

One of the most tragic things is the sudden death of a patient who appeared to be recovering. The cause of this catastrophe is often a massive pulmonary embolism caused by DVT. A large pulmonary embolus may lodge at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery (saddle embolus), obstructing blood flow to both lungs. The patient then experiences sever hypotension and may die in minutes.

Question 25

Hemarthosis is _____ into the joint cavity. It is associated with joint swelling and is a crippling complication of _____. Repeated bleeding may cause deformities and may limit the mobility of the joints.

Answer 25

Hemarthosis is bleeding into the joint cavity. It is associated with joint swelling and is a crippling complication of hemophilia. Repeated bleeding may cause deformities and may limit the mobility of the joints.

Question 26

Hypovolemic shock may be caused by hemmhorage, fluid loss from severe burns, diarrhea, excessive urine formation, perspiration, or traumatic injury (e.g., motorcycle accident). In the case of burns or trauma, direct damage to the microcirculation _____ vascular permeabiluty. Persons with third-degree burns weep a large amount of plasma.

_____ volemic shock is secondary to a pronounced decrease in blood or plasma volume, caused by the loss of fluid from the vascular compartment.

Answer 26

Hypovolemic shock may be caused by hemmhorage, fluid loss from severe burns, diarrhea, excessive urine formation, perspiration, or traumatic injury (e.g., motorcycle accident). In the case of burns or trauma, direct damage to the microcirculation increases vascular permeabiluty. Persons with third-degree burns weep a large amount of plasma.

Hypovolemic shock is secondary to a pronounced decrease in blood or plasma volume, caused by the loss of fluid from the vascular compartment.

Question 27

Passive hyperemia, also called chronic passive congestion, may be confined to a limb or organ as a result of localized obstruction to _____ drainage. Examples include DVT of the leg veins, with resulting edema of the lower extremity, and thrombosis of the hepatic veins with secondary chronic passive congestion of the liver.

Answer 27

Passive hyperemia, also called chronic passive congestion, may be confined to a limb or organ as a result of localized obstruction to venous drainage. Examples include DVT of the leg veins, with resulting edema of the lower extremity, and thrombosis of the hepatic veins with secondary chronic passive congestion of the liver.

Question 28

Active hyperemia is an _____ blood supply to an organ due to increased functional demand.

Answer 28

Active hyperemia is an increased blood supply to an organ due to increased functional demand.

Question 29

Ecchymosis is a larger superficial _____ in the skin. Following the hemorrhage, the initially purple discoloration of the skin turns green and then _____ before resolving. the sequence of events reflects the progressive oxidation of _____ released from the hemoglobin of degraded erythrocytes. A black eye is ecchymosis.

Answer 29

Ecchymosis is a larger superficial hemmhorage in the skin. Following the hemorrhage, the initially purple discoloration of the skin turns green and then yellow before resolving. the sequence of events reflects the progressive oxidation of bilirubin released from the hemoglobin of degraded erythrocytes. A black eye is ecchymosis.

Question 30

Petechiae are pinpoint _____ usually in the skin or conjunctiva. This lesion represents the _____ of a capillary or arteriole and occurs in conjunction with vaculitis and coagulopathy. Petechiae may also be produced by microemboli from infected heart valves.

Answer 30

Petechiae are pinpoint hemorrhages usually in the skin or conjunctiva. This lesion represents the rupture of a capillary or arteriole and occurs in conjunction with vaculitis and coagulopathy. Petechiae may also be produced by microemboli from infected heart valves.

Question 31

Purpura is a diffuse superficial hemorrhage in the skin up to _____ cm in diameter.

Answer 31

Purpura is a diffuse superficial hemorrhage in the skin up to 1 cm in diameter.

Question 32

The pressure differential between the intravascular and the intersitial compartments is determined by the concentration of plasma proteins, mainly _____. Any condition that lowers plasma albumin levels promotes _____.

Answer 32

The pressure differential between the intravascular and the intersitial compartments is determined by the concentration of plasma proteins, mainly albumin. Any condition that lowers plasma albumin levels promotes edema.

Question 33

A portruding belly and fluid accumulation in patients with cirrhosis is called _____, which is an accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. _____ is a consequence of portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia.

Answer 33

A portruding belly and fluid accumulation in patients with cirrhosis is called ascites, which is an accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. Ascites is a consequence of portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia.

Question 34

Increased hematocrit can be caused by dehydration (e.g., diarrhea, excessive sweating, vomiting, burns) via hemoconcentration. This is a hematologic contition called relative polycythemia, characterized by _____ plasma volume with a normal red cell mass. Patients may suffer _____ disturbances, but if systemic BP keeps falling with continuous dehydration, the declining perfusion leads to death.

Remember that hematocrit is defined as the volume percentage (%) of _____ in blood. It is normally about 45% for men and 40% for women.

Answer 34

Increased hematocrit can be caused by dehydration (e.g., diarrhea, excessive sweating, vomiting, burns) via hemoconcentration. This is a hematologic contition called relative polycythemia, characterized by decreased plasma volume with a normal red cell mass. Patients may suffer electrolyte disturbances, but if systemic BP keeps falling with continuous dehydration, the declining perfusion leads to death.

Remember that hematocrit is defined as the volume percentage (%) of red blood cells in blood. It is normally about 45% for men and 40% for women.

Question 35

Embolism of an _____ of the leg leads to sudden pain, absence of pulses, and a cold limb. In some cases the limb must be amputated.

Answer 35

Embolism of an artery of the leg leads to sudden pain, absence of pulses, and a cold limb. In some cases the limb must be amputated.

Question 36

Chronic faliure of the left ventricle constitutes an impediment to the exit of blood from the lungs and leads to chronic passive congestion of the _____. The pressure in the alveolar capillaries then _____, and the vessels become engorged with blood. Microhemorrhages release erythrocytes into the alveolar spaces, where they are degraded by alveolar _____. The released iron, in the form of _____, remains in the macrophages.

Answer 36

Chronic faliure of the left ventricle constitutes an impediment to the exit of blood from the lungs and leads to chronic passive congestion of the lungs. The pressure in the alveolar capillaries then increases, and the vessels become engorged with blood. Microhemorrhages release erythrocytes into the alveolar spaces, where they are degraded by alveolar macrophages. The released iron, in the form of hemosiderin, remains in the macrophages.

Question 37

The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal _____, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. The _____ arteries of the kidney are vessels of the renal circulation.

In patients with severe aortic atherosclerosis, embolization of atheromatous debris into the renal arteries and vascular tree may cause acute renal _____.

Answer 37

The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. The arcuate arteries of the kidney are vessels of the renal circulation.

In patients with severe aortic atherosclerosis, embolization of atheromatous debris into the renal arteries and vascular tree may cause acute renal faliure.

Question 38

Patients in left-sided congestive heart faliure complain of _____ on exertion and when recumbent (orthopnea). They may be awakened from sleep by sudden episodes of shortness of breath in what is called _____ nocturnal dyspnea. Physical exam usually reveals jugular venous _____.

Orthopnea is dyspnea which occurs when lying _____.

Persons with right-sided heart faliure have pitting _____ of the lower extremities and an elarged and tender liver.

Patients in congestive heart faliure with pulmonary edema have cracking breath sounds called _____ caused by the expansion of fluid-filled alveoli.

Answer 38

Patients in left-sided congestive heart faliure complain of dypsnea on exertion and when recumbent (orthopnea). They may be awakened from sleep by sudden episodes of shortness of breath in what is called paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Physical exam usually reveals jugular venous distention.

Orthopnea is dyspnea which occurs when lying flat.

Persons with right-sided heart faliure have pitting edema of the lower extremities and an elarged and tender liver.

Patients in congestive heart faliure with pulmonary edema have cracking breath sounds called rales caused by the expansion of fluid-filled alveoli.

Question 39

Cardiac tamponade occurs when the pressure in the pericardial cavity rises to _____ the filling pressure of the heart.

Answer 39

Cardiac tamponade occurs when the pressure in the pericardial cavity rises to exceed the filling pressure of the heart.

Question 40

MI is the mose common cause of _____ thrombi in the left ventricle. These mural thrombi are a common source of _____ thromboemboli. Such emboli may occlude cerebral arteries and cause cerebral infarcts, known as _____. Atrial fibrilation predisposes to the formation of mural thrombi in the the _____.

Once formed, arterial thrombi may undergo lysis, propagation, organization, canalization, or embolization. Organization is the invasion of connective tissue elements, which causes a thrombus to become _____ and appear grayish white.

Canalization is the process by which new lumen lined by endothelial cells form within an _____ thrombus.

Propagation implies an _____ in size.

Answer 40

MI is the mose common cause of mural thrombi in the left ventricle. These mural thrombi are a common source of arterial thromboemboli. Such emboli may occlude cerebral arteries and cause cerebral infarcts, known as strokes. Atrial fibrilation predisposes to the formation of mural thrombi in the the atria.

Once formed, arterial thrombi may undergo lysis, propagation, organization, canalization, or embolization. Organization is the invasion of connective tissue elements, which causes a thrombus to become firm and appear grayish white.

Canalization is the process by which new lumen lined by endothelial cells form within an organized thrombus.

Propagation implies an increase in size.

Question 41

Cardiac myxoma is the most common primary _____ of the heart. One third of patients with a left atrial or left ventricular myxoma die from tumar embolization to the _____.

Answer 41

Cardiac myxoma is the most common primary tumor of the heart. One third of patients with a left atrial or left ventricular myxoma die from tumar embolization to the brain.

Mnemonic: Atrial emboli are Arterial

Question 42

Obstruction of lymphatic flow is most common due to surgical _____ of lymph nodes or tumor obstruction. For example, the lymphatic system may be obstructed after axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. Prolonged lymphatic obstruction in the patient’s shoulder causes _____, progressive dilation of lymphatic vessels, and overgroth of fibrous tissue.

Answer 42

Obstruction of lymphatic flow is most common due to surgical removal of lymph nodes or tumor obstruction. For example, the lymphatic system may be obstructed after axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. Prolonged lymphatic obstruction in the patient’s shoulder causes edema, progressive dilation of lymphatic vessels, and overgroth of fibrous tissue.

Question 43

Chylothorax is an accumulation of lymphedema in the _____ space.

Answer 43

Chylothorax is an accumulation of lymphedema in the pleural space.

Question 44

Cardiogenic shock is caused by myocardial pump _____. This condition usually arises as a result of a large MI, but myocarditis may also be responsible. Conditions that prevent left or right heart filling reduce cardiac output, resulting in obstuctive _____. Such conditions include pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, and rarely atrial myxoma.

Answer 44

Cardiogenic shock is caused by myocardial pump faliure. This condition usually arises as a result of a large MI, but myocarditis may also be responsible. Conditions that prevent left or right heart filling reduce cardiac output, resulting in obstuctive shock. Such conditions include pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, and rarely atrial myxoma.

Question 45

In patients with congestive heart faliure, venous engorgement of the _____ leads to acumulation of a _____ in the alveoli. Chronic left ventricular faliure impedes blood flow out of the lungs and leads to passive pulmonary congestion. As a resut, pressure in the alveolar capillaries increase = _____ hydrostatic pressure, and these vessels become engorged with blood.

Increase pressure forces fluid from the blood into the alveolar spaces, resulting in pulmonary _____, which interferes with _____ exchange. In a photomictrograph, there will be pink staining fluid in the alveoli.

In CHF you have ______ albumins so you do not have decreased oncotic pressure.

Answer 45

In patients with congestive heart faliure, venous engorgement of the lungs leads to acumulation of a transudate in the alveoli. Chronic left ventricular faliure impedes blood flow out of the lungs and leads to passive pulmonary congestion. As a resut, pressure in the alveolar capillaries increase = increased hydrostatic pressure, and these vessels become engorged with blood.

Increase pressure forces fluid from the blood into the alveolar spaces, resulting in pulmonary edema, which interferes with gas exchange. In a photomictrograph, there will be pink staining fluid in the alveoli.

In CHF you have normal albumins so you do not have decreased oncotic pressure.

Question 46

Systemic venous hypertension increases the risk for developing hepatosplenomegaly, which may be seen in those patients with _____-sided heart failure.

Answer 46

Systemic venous hypertension increases the risk for developing hepatosplenomegaly, which may be seen in those patients with right-sided heart failure.

Question 47

Volvulus is an example of intestinal _____ in which a segment of the gut twists on its mesentary, which kinks the bowel and interrupts the _____ supply. Ischemia leads to infarction and intestinal gangrene. Volvulus is always a consequence of an underlying congenital abnormality. Defective intestinal rotation in fetal life leads to abnormal positions of the small intestine and colon, anamolous attachments, and bands.

Answer 47

Volvulus is an example of intestinal obstruction in which a segment of the gut twists on its mesentary, which kinks the bowel and interrupts the blood supply. Ischemia leads to infarction and intestinal gangrene. Volvulus is always a consequence of an underlying congenital abnormality. Defective intestinal rotation in fetal life leads to abnormal positions of the small intestine and colon, anamolous attachments, and bands.

Question 48

MI’s are described as _____ (through the entire wall) or _____. A transmural infarct results from _____ occlusion of a major extramural coronary artery. Thrombotic occlusion is a cause of transmural MI’s.

Subendocardial infarction reflects prolonged ischemia caused by _____ occluding lesions of the coronary arteries when the requirement for oxygen exceeds the supply. Such a situation prevails in disorders like shock, anozia, or severe tachycardia.

Answer 48

MI’s are described as transmural (through the entire wall) or subendocardial. A transmural infarct results from complete occlusion of a major extramural coronary artery. Thrombotic occlusion is a cause of transmural MI’s.

Subendocardial infarction reflects prolonged ischemia caused by partially occluding lesions of the coronary arteries when the requirement for oxygen exceeds the supply. Such a situation prevails in disorders like shock, anozia, or severe tachycardia.

Question 49

_____ infarcts are typically seen in the heart, kidneys, and spleen. Red infarcts may result from either arterial or venous occlusion. They are distinguished from pale infarcts by _____ into the necrotic area from adjacent arteries and veins. Red infarcts occur in organs with a _____ blood supply like the lung, or those with extensive collateral circulation like the small intestine and brain.

In the heart, a red infarct occurs when the infarcted area is _____, as may occur following a spontaneous or therapeutically induced lysis of the occluding thrombus.

Granulation tissue eventially forms on red infarcts, to be replaced ultimatley by a scar.

Answer 49

Pale infarcts are typically seen in the heart, kidneys, and spleen. Red infarcts may result from either arterial or venous occlusion. They are distinguished from pale infarcts by bleeding into the necrotic area from adjacent arteries and veins. Red infarcts occur in organs with a dual blood supply like the lung, or those with extensive collateral circulation like the small intestine and brain.

In the heart, a red infarct occurs when the infarcted area is reperfused, as may occur following a spontaneous or therapeutically induced lysis of the occluding thrombus.

Granulation tissue eventially forms on red infarcts, to be replaced ultimatley by a scar.

Question 50

The pathogenisis of respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn is intimtley linked to a deficiency of _____, which lowers the surface tension of the alveoli of the lung @ low lung volumes and thereby prevents collapse (atelectasis) of the alveoli during expiration.

Atelectasis secondary to surfactant deficiency results in perfused but not _____ alveoli, a situation that leads to hypoxia and acidosis. Intraventricular _____ hemorrhage is a major complication of respiratory distress syndrome. The periventricular germinal matrix in the newborn brain is particularly vulnerable to hemorrhage because of the dilated, thin walled veins in this area rupture easily. The pathogenisis of this complication is believed to reflect anoxic injury to the periventricular capillaries, venous sludging and thrombosis, and impaired vascular autoregulation.

Answer 50

The pathogenisis of respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn is intimtley linked to a deficiency of suractant, which lowers the surface tension of the alveoli of the lung @ low lung volumes and thereby prevents collapse (atelectasis) of the alveoli during expiration.

Atelectasis secondary to surfactant deficiency results in perfused but not ventilated alveoli, a situation that leads to hypoxia and acidosis. Intraventricular cerebral hemorrhage is a major complication of respiratory distress syndrome. The periventricular germinal matrix in the newborn brain is particularly vulnerable to hemorrhage because of the dilated, thin walled veins in this area rupture easily. The pathogenisis of this complication is believed to reflect anoxic injury to the periventricular capillaries, venous sludging and thrombosis, and impaired vascular autoregulation.

Question 51

Pernicious anemia is one of many types of the larger family of megaloblastic anemias. One way pernicious anemia can develop is by _____ of gastric parietal cells, which are responsible, in part, for the secretion of _____ factor, a protein essential for subsequent absorption of vitamin _____ in the ileum.

Answer 51

Pernicious anemia is one of many types of the larger family of megaloblastic anemias. One way pernicious anemia can develop is by loss of gastric parietal cells, which are responsible, in part, for the secretion of intrinsic factor, a protein essential for subsequent absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum.

Question 52

Hemolytic anemia is a form of anemia due to _____, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular).

Answer 52

Hemolytic anemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular).

Question 53

Anemia is a _____ in number of red blood cells (RBCs) or _____ than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.

Answer 53

Anemia is a decrease in number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.

Question 54

A macrocytic class of anemia is an anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are _____ than their normal volume. Deficiencies in _____ and _____ cause macrocytic anemia.

Answer 54

A macrocytic class of anemia is an anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are larger than their normal volume. Deficiencies in Folate (B9) and B12 cause macrocytic anemia.

Question 55

Microcytic anaemia is any of several types of anemia characterized by _____ red blood cells (called microcytes). _____ deficiency, _____ poisoning, and _____ deficiency are major contributors.

Answer 55

Microcytic anaemia is any of several types of anemia characterized by small red blood cells (called microcytes). Iron deficiency, lead poisoning, and pyroxidine deficiency are major contributors.

Question 56

Megaloblastic anemia is an anemia (of _____ classification) that results from inhibition of _____ synthesis during red blood cell production. Deficiencies in _____ and _____ cause megaloblastic anemia.

Answer 56

Megaloblastic anemia is an anemia (of macrocytic classification) that results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production. Deficiencies in Folate (B9) and B12 cause megaloblastic anemia.

Question 57

Questions I got wrong:

Answer 57

None