Chapter 8 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is deviant to some not deviant to others is referred to as

A

Relativity of deviance

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1
Q

The violation of norms (or rules or exceptions)

A

Deviance

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2
Q

The violation of norms written into law

A

Crime

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3
Q

“Blemishes” that discredit the person claim to a “normal” identity

A

Stigma

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4
Q

A group’s usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives

A

Social order

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5
Q

A group’s formal and informal means of enforcing its norms

A

Social control

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6
Q

An expression of disapproval for breaking the norm, ranging from a mild informal reaction such as a frown, to a formal reaction such as a fine or a prison sentence

A

Negative sanction

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7
Q

An expression of approval for following a norm, ranging from a smile or a good grade in a class to a material reward such as a prize

A

Positive sanction

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8
Q

Inborn tendencies (for example, a tendency to commit deviant acts)

A

Genetic predisposition

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9
Q

Crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary

A

Street crime

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10
Q

The view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms

A

Personality disorders

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11
Q

Edwin Sutherland’s term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an”excess of definitions” of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant

A

Differential association

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12
Q

The idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer controls-work against our tendencies to deviate

A

Control theory

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13
Q

Sociologist who developed control theory

A

Walter Reckless

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14
Q

A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone self by stripping away that individuals self-identity and stamping a new identity and its place

A

Degradation ceremony

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15
Q

The view that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity

A

Labeling theory

16
Q

Ways of thinking or rationalization that help people to deflect or neutralize societies norms

A

Techniques of neutralization

17
Q

The objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of the society to achieve

A

Cultural goals

18
Q

Approved ways of reaching cultural goals

A

Institutionalized means

19
Q

Robert Merton’s term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds from some of the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal.

A

Strain theory

20
Q

Opportunities for crime that are woven into the texture of life

A

Illegitimate opportunity structure

21
Q

Edwin Sutherland’s term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price-fixing

A

White-collar crime

22
Q

Crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation

A

Corporate crime

23
Q

The system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime

A

Criminal justice system

24
Q

The percentage of released convicts who are rearrested

A

Recidivism rate

25
Q

The death penalty

A

Capital punishment

26
Q

The killing of several victims in three or more separate events

A

Serial murder

27
Q

The practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense, or to overlook the matter

A

Police discretion

28
Q

The transformation of the human condition into a matter to be treated by physicians

A

Medicalization

29
Q

To make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians

A

Medicalization of deviance