Chapter 6 Flashcards
People who share a culture and a territory
Society
People who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group
Group
The sociological principle is that the type of ____ we live in is the fundamental reason for why we become who we are.
Society
Not only does our society lay the broad framework for our behavior, but it also influences the way we ___ and ___.
Think and feel
A human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival, and have few social divisions and little inequality.
Hunting and gathering society
A tribe’s healing specialist who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease. Although this position is slightly more prestigious, these people are still expected to contribute in creating food supply.
Shaman
This particular society is nomadic; they travel from one place to another as food sources dwindle, and only gather food that is already there - they do not plant.
Hunting and gathering society
Of all societies, the ___ __ ____ societies are the most egalitarian. Because what they hunt and gather is perishable, the people accumulate few personal possessions. Consequently, no one becomes wealthier than anyone else. There are no rulers, and most decisions are arrived at thorough discussion. This group has such basic needs that they have the most leisure of all human groups.
Hunting and gathering
All human groups were once ____ and ____.
Hunters and gatherers
The ___ __ ____ groups that remain include the pygmies of Central Africa, the aborigines of Australia, and various groups in south America.
Hunting and gathering
About 10,000 years ago, some groups found that they could tame and breed some of the animals they hunted – primarily goats, sheep, cattle, and camels. Others discovered that they could cultivate plants. As a result, hunting and gathering societies branched into two directions. What are the two branchings?
Pastoral and horticultural
A society based on the pasturing of animals
Pastoral society
A society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools
Horticultural Society
Which of the pastoral and horticultural societies remained nomatic. Why?
Pastoral. Because pastoral or herding societies developed in regions where low rainfall made it impractical to build life around growing crops, and they needed to follow their animals to fresh pasture.
Why were horticultural or gardening societies able to develop and stay in permanent settlements?
Because they no longer had to abandon an area as the food supply gave out.
The domestication of animals and plants is called the ___ ___ ___.
First social revolution
The ___ ___changed human history. The changes, which occurred over thousands of years, touched every aspect of human life.
Domestication revolution
The more dependable food supply allowed groups to grow larger. With it no longer necessary for everyone to work at providing food, a _______ developed.
division of labor
Division of labor led to a surplus of objects, which, in turn, stimulated trade. As groups traded with one another, they began to accumulate objects they prized, such as gold, jewelry, and utensils. This led to _______.
Social inequality
Some families or clans acquired more valuable goods than others which led to feuds and war. War, in turn, opened the door to ___.
slavery
As individuals passed their possessions on to their descendants, wealth grew more concentrated. So did power, and for the first time, individuals became …?
Chiefs
The first social revolution, based on the domestication of plants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societies
Domestication revolution
The second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies
Agricultural revolution
This type of society, bringing about a period sometimes referred to as “the dawn of civilization” began the development of cities and what is popularly known as “culture”: activities such as philosophy, art, music, literature, and architecture because food surpluses were created by large-scale agriculture.
Agricultural society
When some people managed to gain control of the growing surplus of resources and agricultural societies, ___ became a fundamental feature of life and society.
Inequality
The third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power.
Industrial revolution
Industrialization brought an abundance of goods, and as workers finally won what we call basic rights, a surprising change occurred -
The pattern of growing inequality was reversed: slavery was abolished, more rights for women, jury trial, rights to vote.
A society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels
Industrial society
The primary source of the sweeping changes that are transforming our lives is the development of technology centering on the ___.
microchip
A society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing.
Postindustrial (information) society
The industrial revolution began in ________ in 1765 when the steam engine was first used to run machinery
Great Britain
The _______ was the first country to have more than half of its workers in service industries: banking, counseling, education, entertainment, government, health, insurance, law, mass media, research, and sales.
United States
A society whose economy increasingly centers on modifying genetics to produce food, medicine, and material
Biotech society
A bewildering sense of not belonging to our society which can seem huge and dominating, sometimes even threatening and oppressive. This term was coined by sociologist Emile Durkheim.
Anomie
Email Durkheim said that ___ ___ help prevent anomie by standing as a buffer between the individual and the larger society.
small groups
Individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together
Aggregate
People, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together
Category
Shoppers standing in a checkout line or drivers waiting at a red light are examples of an …?
aggregate
People who share similar characteristics, such as all college women who wear glasses or all men over 6 feet tall. A simple statistic.
category
A small group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face Association and cooperation.
Primary groups (sociologist Charles Cooley)
Compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity
Secondary group
The primary groups that we form within secondary groups serve as a ___ between ourselves and the demands that secondary groups place on us
Buffer
Mom, dad, brother, sister are examples of what group?
Primary group
Members that are likely to interact on the basis of specific statuses, such as president, manager, worker, or student are examples of what group?
Secondary group
A group toward which one feels loyalty
In-group
A group toward which one feels antagonism
Out-group
To divide the world into in-groups and out-groups, and natural part of social life, produces both _____ and _____ consequences.
functional, dysfunctional
A group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves
Reference group
Contradictions that lead to inner turmoil are common because of two chief characteristics of our society: ________ and ________. These expose us to standards and orientations that are inconsistent with those we learned during childhood.
social diversity, social mobility
An individual who has the desire to become a corporate executive may start to dress more formally, try to improve their vocabulary, read The Wall Street Journal, and change their major to business or law. This is an example of the tremendous influence of ____ _____.
reference groups
The social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together.
Social network
Your ____ ____ includes your family, friends, acquaintances, people at work and school, and even “friends of friends”.
social network
A cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another
Clique
The analysis of social networks has become part of …?
Applied sociology
Who conducted “the small world phenomenon” study?
Psychologist Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)
Who dispelled Stanley Milgram’s study by finding that we are dramatically separated by social barriers.
psychologist Judith Kleinfeld (2002)
The ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals
Group dynamics
A group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members. Can be both primary and secondary.
Small group
A wife, husband, and children, as well as workers who take their lunch breaks together are examples of a …?
primary small group
Students in a small introductory sociology class and bitters at an auction form …?
secondary small groups
The smallest possible group, consisting of two persons
Dyad
Marriages, love affairs, and close friendships are examples of a …?
dyad
Because only two people are involved, the interaction is focused on both individuals. Since this group requires that both members participate, if one member loses interest, this type of group collapses. What type of group is this?
Dyad
A group of three people
Triad
With the birth of a child, hardly any aspect of a couple relationship goes untouched. Attention focuses on the baby, and interaction between the husband and wife diminishes. This is an example of the strain experienced in a …?
Triad
Triads, like diads, are unstable. They tend to produce coalitions. What is a coalition?
Two group members aligning themselves against one.
Someone who tries to settle disagreements between the other two triad members is called an …?
arbitrator
The common tendency for two people to develop stronger bonds and prefer one another leaves the third person feeling hurt and excluded. This is an example of the type of strain experienced by …?
triads
As a small group grows ___, it becomes more stable, but its intensity, or intimacy, ____.
larger, decreases
As groups grow, they also tend to develop a more ___ structure. For example, leaders emerge and more specialized roles come into play. This often results in such familiar offices as president, secretary, and treasure the structure provides the framework that helps the group survive over time.
formal
In larger groups including a triad people feel a ____________ : giving help was no more their responsibility than anyone else’s.
diffusion of responsibility
Someone who influences other people
Leader
Groups have two types of leaders. What are they?
Instrumental leader (or task-oriented leader)
Expressive leader (or socio-emotional leader)
An individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader
Instrumental leader
An individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader
Expressive leader
This type of leader tries to keep group members from getting sidetracked reminding them of what they are trying to accomplish. They sometimes create friction as they prod the group to get on with the job. Their actions often cost them popularity.
Instrumental leader (or task-oriented leader)
This type of leader often cracks jokes, offers sympathy, or does other things that help to lift the groups morale. This leader stimulates personal bonds and reduces friction, therefore they are usually more popular.
Expressive leader (or socioemotional leader)
Ways in which people express their leadership
Leadership styles
What are the three basic types of leadership styles?
Authoritarian leader
Democratic leader
Laissez-faire leader
An individual who leads by giving orders
Authoritarian leader
An individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus
Democratic leader
An individual who leads by being highly premises
Laissez-faire leader
A narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty
Groupthink
Sociologist who claimed the term groupthink
Irving Janis (1972, 1982)
