Chapter 8 Flashcards
Actin
A globular protein that polymerizes to form microfilaments, a component of the cytoskeleton
Basal body
A structure found at the base of eukaryotic cilia and flagella, structurally identical to centriole, and anchors the cilium or flagellum to the cell
Biofilm
A community of microorganisms attached to a surface, enclosed in a self-produced matrix composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substance
Capsule (bacterial)
A sticky outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and some protists, providing structure support and protection
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers, a major component of plant cell walls
Centriole
A cylindrical organelle composed of nine triplet or microtubules, found in the centrosome of animal cells
Centrosome
A microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells, containing two centrioles
Cilia
Short, numerous, hair-like appendages on the surface of some eukaryotic cells, used for locomotion or to move fluid across the cell surface
Cotlagen
A fibrous protein that is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of animal tissues
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following mitosis and meiosis
Cytoskeleton
A network of protein fibers (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) in the cytoplasm or eukaryotic cells that provide structural support, anchors organelles, and enables cell movement
Desmosome
A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a strong mechanical attachment between cells
Dynein
A motor protein that uses ATP hydrolysis to generate movement in eukaryotic cilia and flagella by sliding microtubules past each other
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
A network of extracellular macromolecules, including collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin, that surrounds animal cells and provides structural and biochemical support
Flagella
Long, whip-like appendages on the surface of some eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, used for motility
Flagellin
The protein subunit that forms the filament of a bacterial Flagellum
Fibronectin
A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that helps cells attach to the ECM
Integrins
Transmembrane receptor proteins that link the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton in animal cells, facilitating cell adhesion and signalingI
intermediate filaments
A type of cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter intermediate between those of microfilaments and microtubules, providing structural support and resisting mechanical stress
Microfilaments
Thin filament composed of actin subunits, part of cytoskeleton, involved in cell shape, movement, and muscle contraction
Microtubule Organizing center (MTOC)
A region in eukaryotic cells, such as the centrosome, from which microtubules grow
Microtubules
Hollow rods composed of tubulin proteins, part of cytoskeleton, involved in cell shape, intercellular transport, and chromosome separation in cell division
Motor protein
Proteins that use ATP hydrolysis to generate movement along cytoskeleton filaments, such as kinesin and dynein.
Peptidoglycan
A polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall
Plasmodesmata
Channel through the cell walls and plasma membranes of adjacent plant cells that allow for cytoplasmic connections and passage of small molecule
Proteoglycan
A molecule consisting of a core protein with one or more covalently attaches glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, a major component of the extracellular matrix
Tubulin
A globular protein that polymerizes to form microtubules.
