Chapter 10 Flashcards
Aerobic
Requiring the presence of free oxygen
Anaerobic
Occurring in the absence of free oxygen
Acetyl-CoA: A two-carbon molecule attached to coenzyme A, which enter the citric acid cycle
ATP
The primary energy currency of the cell, used to power various cellular processes
Cellular Respiration
A series of metabolic processes that break down glucose and other organic fuels to generate ATP, typically involving oxygen
Chemiosmosis
The process where energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane is used to drive ATP synthesis
Citric Acid cycle
A cyclical series of enzymatic reactions in the mitochondrial matric that oxidize acetyl-CoA, producing CO2, ATP (via substrate-level phosphorylation), NADH’ and FADH2
Electron Transport Chains (ETC)
A sequence of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitates the transfer of electrons, releasing energy used to pump protons and create an electrochemical gradient.
FADH2
An electron carried molecule produced in the citric acid cycle that donates electron t the electron transport chain
Feedback inhibition
A regulatory mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme early in the pathway, controlling the amount of product produced.
Fermentation
An anaerobic process that allows ATP production by glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD= and NADH, typically producing organic molecules as end products.
Glycolysis
A series of metabolic reactions that occur in the cytoplasm, Breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net production of ATP and NADH.
Isomerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule, converting one isomer to another.
Kinase
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate group from one molecule to another, often involving ATP
Mitochondrial Matrix
The innermost compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane, where the citric acid cycle and pyruvate oxidation occur.
NADH
An electron carrier molecule produced in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle that donates electrons to the electron transport chain
Oxidation
The loss of electron from a substance
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The process in which ATP synthesis is couple to the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain and the resulting proton gradient
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
A key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-Phosphates to fructose-1,6-biphosphate
Photophosphorylation
The process in the chloroplast where light energy is used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis.
Proton Gradient
A difference in proton (H+) concentration across a membrane, which stores potential energy
Pyruvate
A three-carbon molecule that is the end product of Glycolysis
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
An enzyme complex that catalyze the conversion of Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate Oxidation
The conversion of Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, Occurring in the mitochondrial matric in the presence of oxygen, producing NADH and CO2
Reduction
The gain of electrons by a substance
Substrate-level phosphorylation
A mechanism of ATP synthesis where a phosphate group is directly transferred from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP
