Chapter 7 Flashcards
Prokaryote
A type of cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; typically smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes
Eukaryote
A type of cell that have a nucleus (containing its DNA within a membrane) and other membrane-bound organelles. Protist, fungi, plants, and animals are eukaryotes
Cytoplasm
The entire contents of a cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus in eukaryotes
Cytosol
The semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm, containing dissolved ions, molecule, and suspended particles
Ribosomes
Molecular machines responsible for protein synthesis; composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins.. Can be free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleoid
The region within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic material (DNA) is concentrated but is not enclosed by a membrane
Bacterial chromosome
A single, circular DNA molecule that contain the essential genes in a prokaryotic cell.
Bacterial plasmid
Small, circular DNA molecules found in the cytoplasm of some bacteria, carrying non-essential but potentially advantageous genes
(EX: antibiotic resistance)
Nucleus
A membrane-bound organelle in the eukaryotic cells that contains the cells genetic material (DNA) and controls the cells activities
Nuclear Envelope
A double membrane surrounding the nucleus in the eukaryotic cells, Punctuated by nuclear pores.
Nuclear pores
Protein complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope that regulates the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Nuclear Lamina
A network of protein filaments lining the inside of the nuclear envelope, providing structural support to the nucleus
Chromosomes (eukaryotic)
Structure within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cells that contain the genetic information; composed of DNA condensed around histone proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
An extensive network of membrane tubules and sacs (cisternae) in eukaryotic cells, involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Continuous with the outer nuclear membrane
Rough ER
Region of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, primary involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins destined for membranes or secretion
Smooth ER
Region of the endoplasmic reticulum lacking ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification
Lumen
The internal space within the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and other other membrane bond organelles.
Vesicles
Small membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm that transport molecules between different parts of the cell
Golgi-complex
An organelle in the eukaryotic cell consisting of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) arranged in a stack, involved in modifying, sorting, and packing proteins and lipids
Cis Face
The receiving side of the Golgi complex, where vesicles from the ER fuse
Trans face
The shipping side of the Golgi complex, where vesicles bud off to transport proteins and lipids to their final destination
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound organelles in the eukaryotic cells containing hydrolytic enzymes tat digest macromolecules and cellular waste
Vacuoles
Large, membrane-bound compartments in eukaryotic cells with diverse functions, including storage of water, nutrients, and waste, and maintaining turgor pressure in the plant cells
Endomembrane system
A network of membrane-bound organelles in the eukaryotic cells that work together to synthesize, modify, and transport proteins and lipids; includes the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles
Mitochondria
Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells that are the primary sites of cellular respiration and ATP production
Cristae
Infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria, increasing the surface area for cellular respiration.
Mitochondrial Matrix
The fluid-filled space with the inner membrane of mitochondrion, containing enzymes, ribosomes, and mitochondrial DNA
Chloroplasts
Membrane-bound organelles in plant cells and algae that are the sites of photosynthesis
Stroma
The fluid-filled space within of a chloroplast, containing enzymes, ribosomes, and chloroplast DNA
Thylakoid
A flattened, sac-like membrane structure within chloroplasts, often arranged in stacks call grana, where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur
Endosymbiotic theory
A widely accepted theory that explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells by proposing that these organelles evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes that lived inside larger cells
Serial Endosymbiosis
A hypothesis suggesting that mitochondria evolved before chloroplast sin the eukaryotic evolution, as all eukaryotes possess mitochondria but only some have chloroplasts
Organelle
A membrane-bound compartment within a eukaryote cell that has a specialized function
Binary Fission
A method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes (like mitochondria and chloroplasts) in which the cell or organelle divides into two identical daughter cell or organelles
