Chapter 2 Flashcards
Valence Electrons
The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom; these electrons are involved in chemical bonding
Chemical bond
An attraction between atom’s that hold them together, resulting from the sharing or transfer of valence electrons
Covalent bond
A type of strong chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of valence electrons between Two atoms
Non-polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms with similar electronegativities
Polar covalent bonds
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between two atoms with different electronegativities, resulting in partial charges on the atoms
Ionic bonds
A strong chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charge ions (cation and anion) resulting from the transfer of electrons
Hydrogen bond
A relatively weak attraction between the partially positive hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and a partially negative atom (usually oxygen or nitrogen) of another polar molecule
Electronegativity (X)
The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond
Molecule
A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Ion
An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more elctrons and thus carries an electrical charge (cation (+) and anion (-))
Hydrophilic
“water-loving”; describes substances that have an affinity for water and tend to dissolve in it due to the presence of polar bonds or charges that can interact with water molecule
Hydrophobic
“water fearing”; describes substances that do not have an affinity for water and tend to avoid it due to the presence of non-polar bonds that cannot form favorable interactions with water molecules
Organic Molecule
A molecule that contains carbon, usually bonded to hydrogen, and often also containing oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements; they are the building blocks of living organisms
Carbon skeleton
The chain of carbon atoms that forms the structural backbone of an organic molecule
Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements
Geometric Isomers
Isomers that have the same covalent arrangement but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms around a double bond or rigid structure
Functional group
A specific group of atoms within a molecule that ahs characteristic chemical behaviors and imparts specific properties to the organic molecule
Methyl Group (-CH3)
a non-polar functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms
