Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kin 101 Midterm 2 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What does electrical signals in neuron entail?

A

Nerves and muscles are excitable, they can propagate signals into action potential to respond to stimuli, and this is all due to RMP and selective permeability of ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What charge does the inside of a neuron have at rest?

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does RMP provide?

A

Chemical and electrical potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is another word for membrane potential?

A

Equilibrium potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is membrane potential influenced by?

A

Uneven distribution of charged ions across a cell
and
Differing membrane permeability to those ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hyperpolarization or repolarization?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is depolarization?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is sodium, chloride, and calcium are more concentrated?

A

Extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is potassium more concentrated?

A

Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is RMP primarily determined by?

A

Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation means what?

A

It predicts the membrane potential due to effects of all ions across the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Depolarization

A

An increase in Na+ permeability will drive Na+ into the cell, down concentration gradient, making the inside more positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

An increase in K+ permeability will drive K+ out of the cell, down concentration gradient, making the inside more negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When do gated channels open and close?

A

As response to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes mechanically gated channels open?

A

In response to physical forces, such as pressure and stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes chemically gated channels respond?

A

To a variety of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or intracellular signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two main cells of the nervous system?

A

Neurons - the basic signalling unit
Glial cells - support cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What part of the neuron receives signals?

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What part of the neuron carries outgoing signals?

A

Axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the site of communication in the neuron?

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do neurons make up majority of the nervous system?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the cell body the site for?

A

Integration of electrical signals and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens at the axon hillock?

A

Where axon begins and where action potential is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two basic electrical signals?

A

Graded potentials and action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Graded potentials

A

waves of depolarization that travel over short distances in the dendrites and cell body and lose strength; always the first signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Action Potential

A

Brief, large depolarizations that travel for long distances along an axon without losing strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Do graded potentials lose strength as they move through the cell?

27
Q

What does EPSP and IPSP

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential
Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

28
Q

Does stronger stimuli produce larger graded potential?

29
Q

If stimulus is large enough at axon hillock, it will hit the threshold to open what?

A

Na+ channels, meaning graded potential will produce action potentials

30
Q

How far do action potentials travel?

A

The length of an axon

31
Q

What are the steps of K+ and Na+ moving across membrane in action potential?

A
  1. RMP
  2. Depolarizing stimulis
  3. Mem dep to threshold and gates open
  4. Rapid Na+ dep the cell
  5. Na+ chan close and slow and K+ open
  6. K+ moves cell to ECF
  7. K+ chan remain and open and additional K+ leaves hyperpolarizing the cell
  8. K+ chan close
  9. Cell returns to normal
32
Q

Axonial Na+ channels have how many gates?

A

2
Activation gates - open quick
Inactivation gates - close slow

33
Q

What do action potentials conduct away from?

34
Q

What influences conduction of velocity?

A

Axon diameter and the resistance of the membrane ion leakage (larger diameter of axon, more leakage resistant)

35
Q

Is conduction water in myelinated neutrons or non myelinated axons?

A

Myelinated, increases resistance

36
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

The rapid method by which nerve impulses move down a myelinated axon with excitation occurring only at nodes

37
Q

Are most synapses chemical?

38
Q

What are the two types of neurocrine receptors?

A

inotropic and Metabotropic

39
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Open when ligand binds, is fast movement and changes movement of ions

40
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Secondary, with amplification and cascades, transducer through g-coupled proteins

41
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

A chemical that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells

42
Q

What does it mean to be Cholinergic?

A

Neurons that secrete ACh and receptors that bind ACh

43
Q

What type of action does Ach have?

A

Excitatory reaction on nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles

44
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of CNS?

45
Q

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

46
Q

Is the first part of graded potential nicotinic?

47
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

Axon terminal in synaptic vessels

48
Q

What is the purpose of a synapse?

A

To send a message

49
Q

How do you recycle ACh

A

Broken down in synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase, choline then moved to axon terminal with Na+ to make more ACh

50
Q

What does the frequency of action potential firing indicate?

A

The more stimuli the more neurotransmitters released

51
Q

Convergence (integration of neural info)

A

Many presynaptic neurons provide input to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons (peripheral)

52
Q

Divergence (integration of neural info)

A

one presynaptic neuron branches to effect a large number of post synaptic neurons

53
Q

Apparent vs Epparent

54
Q

Fast Synaptic Potentials

A

Involve opening of ion channels

55
Q

Slow synaptic potentials

A

Involve G-protein coupled receptors and secondary messengers

56
Q

What is Temporal Summation?

A

Between excitatory and inhibitory GP when multiple impulses arise at a single synapse

57
Q

What is Spatial Summation

A

When multiple impulses arrive at more than one site

58
Q

What does integration mean?

A

When excitatory and inhibitory GP determine if a cell fires action potential based on threshold

59
Q

What is the difference between global and selective presynaptic inhibition?

A

Global targets everything, where inhibitory only targets one thing

60
Q

What are the sensory afferent types

A

Bipolar nuerons, and pseudounipolar

61
Q

What is an efferent effector?

A

A multipolar neuron, has many dendrites, and a single long axon

62
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A

From the cell body to axon terminal

63
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A

from axon terminal to cell body

64
Q

What are the three main glial cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann (PNS) cells which have myelin sheaths and satellite cells (PNS)

Kin 101 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions