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Kin 101 Midterm 2 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does electrical signals in neuron entail?

A

Nerves and muscles are excitable, they can propagate signals into action potential to respond to stimuli, and this is all due to RMP and selective permeability of ion channels

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2
Q

What charge does the inside of a neuron have at rest?

A

Negative

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3
Q

What does RMP provide?

A

Chemical and electrical potential energy

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4
Q

What is another word for membrane potential?

A

Equilibrium potential

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5
Q

What is membrane potential influenced by?

A

Uneven distribution of charged ions across a cell
and
Differing membrane permeability to those ions

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6
Q

What is hyperpolarization or repolarization?

A
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7
Q

What is depolarization?

A
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8
Q

Where is sodium, chloride, and calcium are more concentrated?

A

Extracellular fluid

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8
Q

Where is potassium more concentrated?

A

Cytosol

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9
Q

What is RMP primarily determined by?

A

Potassium

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10
Q

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation means what?

A

It predicts the membrane potential due to effects of all ions across the membrane

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11
Q

Depolarization

A

An increase in Na+ permeability will drive Na+ into the cell, down concentration gradient, making the inside more positive

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12
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

An increase in K+ permeability will drive K+ out of the cell, down concentration gradient, making the inside more negative

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13
Q

When do gated channels open and close?

A

As response to stimuli

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14
Q

What makes mechanically gated channels open?

A

In response to physical forces, such as pressure and stretch

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15
Q

What makes chemically gated channels respond?

A

To a variety of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or intracellular signals

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16
Q

What are the two main cells of the nervous system?

A

Neurons - the basic signalling unit
Glial cells - support cells

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17
Q

What part of the neuron receives signals?

A

Dendrites

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18
Q

What part of the neuron carries outgoing signals?

A

Axons

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19
Q

What is the site of communication in the neuron?

A

Synapse

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20
Q

Do neurons make up majority of the nervous system?

A

No

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21
Q

What is the cell body the site for?

A

Integration of electrical signals and protein synthesis

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22
Q

What happens at the axon hillock?

A

Where axon begins and where action potential is produced

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23
Q

What are the two basic electrical signals?

A

Graded potentials and action potentials

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24
Q

Graded potentials

A

waves of depolarization that travel over short distances in the dendrites and cell body and lose strength; always the first signal

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25
Q

Action Potential

A

Brief, large depolarizations that travel for long distances along an axon without losing strength

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26
Q

Do graded potentials lose strength as they move through the cell?

A

Yes

27
Q

What does EPSP and IPSP

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential
Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

28
Q

Does stronger stimuli produce larger graded potential?

A

Yes

29
Q

If stimulus is large enough at axon hillock, it will hit the threshold to open what?

A

Na+ channels, meaning graded potential will produce action potentials

30
Q

How far do action potentials travel?

A

The length of an axon

31
Q

What are the steps of K+ and Na+ moving across membrane in action potential?

A
  1. RMP
  2. Depolarizing stimulis
  3. Mem dep to threshold and gates open
  4. Rapid Na+ dep the cell
  5. Na+ chan close and slow and K+ open
  6. K+ moves cell to ECF
  7. K+ chan remain and open and additional K+ leaves hyperpolarizing the cell
  8. K+ chan close
  9. Cell returns to normal
32
Q

Axonial Na+ channels have how many gates?

A

2
Activation gates - open quick
Inactivation gates - close slow

33
Q

What do action potentials conduct away from?

A

The soma

34
Q

What influences conduction of velocity?

A

Axon diameter and the resistance of the membrane ion leakage (larger diameter of axon, more leakage resistant)

35
Q

Is conduction water in myelinated neutrons or non myelinated axons?

A

Myelinated, increases resistance

36
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

The rapid method by which nerve impulses move down a myelinated axon with excitation occurring only at nodes

37
Q

Are most synapses chemical?

A

Yes

38
Q

What are the two types of neurocrine receptors?

A

inotropic and Metabotropic

39
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Open when ligand binds, is fast movement and changes movement of ions

40
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Secondary, with amplification and cascades, transducer through g-coupled proteins

41
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

A chemical that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells

42
Q

What does it mean to be Cholinergic?

A

Neurons that secrete ACh and receptors that bind ACh

43
Q

What type of action does Ach have?

A

Excitatory reaction on nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles

44
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of CNS?

A

Glutamate

45
Q

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

46
Q

Is the first part of graded potential nicotinic?

A

Yes

47
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

Axon terminal in synaptic vessels

48
Q

What is the purpose of a synapse?

A

To send a message

49
Q

How do you recycle ACh

A

Broken down in synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase, choline then moved to axon terminal with Na+ to make more ACh

50
Q

What does the frequency of action potential firing indicate?

A

The more stimuli the more neurotransmitters released

51
Q

Convergence (integration of neural info)

A

Many presynaptic neurons provide input to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons (peripheral)

52
Q

Divergence (integration of neural info)

A

one presynaptic neuron branches to effect a large number of post synaptic neurons

53
Q

Apparent vs Epparent

A
54
Q

Fast Synaptic Potentials

A

Involve opening of ion channels

55
Q

Slow synaptic potentials

A

Involve G-protein coupled receptors and secondary messengers

56
Q

What is Temporal Summation?

A

Between excitatory and inhibitory GP when multiple impulses arise at a single synapse

57
Q

What is Spatial Summation

A

When multiple impulses arrive at more than one site

58
Q

What does integration mean?

A

When excitatory and inhibitory GP determine if a cell fires action potential based on threshold

59
Q

What is the difference between global and selective presynaptic inhibition?

A

Global targets everything, where inhibitory only targets one thing

60
Q

What are the sensory afferent types

A

Bipolar nuerons, and pseudounipolar

61
Q

What is an efferent effector?

A

A multipolar neuron, has many dendrites, and a single long axon

62
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A

From the cell body to axon terminal

63
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A

from axon terminal to cell body

64
Q

What are the three main glial cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann (PNS) cells which have myelin sheaths and satellite cells (PNS)

Kin 101 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

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