Chapter 6 Flashcards
What are effectors?
Muscles and other tissues controlled by integrating centre
What is the pathway of cell-to-cell communication?
Input, integrating, output, response
What are the proteins of the body
The bodies workhorse
What are electrical signals
They have the ability to change cell membrane potential
What are chemical signals
Molecules secreted by cells
and received by target cells (ligands)
Gap Junctions
Clusters of intercellular channels that allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cell
What are Gap Junctions?
(localized communication)
Allows direct cytoplasmic transfer of electrical and chemical signals between adjacent cells
What are Contact-Dependant molecules? (localized communication)
Surface molecules on one cell membrane bind to surface molecules on another cell membrane
Autocrine vs Paracrine (localized communication)
Autocrine - signaling regulates cellular growth and development
Paracrine - signaling is involved in immune responses and blood clotting
What is Long Distance Communication?
Usually between the endocrine and nervous system, them and electrical signals carried by nerve cells
What do gap junctions create?
Cytoplasmic Bridges
What is the Endocrine System? (long distance)
Hormones transport system, into blood or target cells with the correct receptors
What is a neurotransmitters? (long distance)
Chemicals from neutrons that diffuse across the small gap in target cells
What is a neurohormone? (long distance)
Chemicals released by neurons into blood for action at distant targets
What does crine mean?
Secretion
What are CAM’s?
Cell Adhesion Molecules
Synchronous Contraction
Gap junctions where electrical signals are rapidly transmitted via protein pores
Desmosomes
Surrounds sarcomeres and allows force to be transferred
Where are gap junctions found?
Heart and smooth muscle
What is a Sarcomere?
The basic contractile unit of muscle fibre
Can long distance communication be electrical or chemical?
Yes
Where is neurocrine release from?
Neurons
What are cytokines?
Peptides that are both local and long-distance communication
Lipophobic Signal Molecules do what?
They diffuse and then bind to cytosolic receptors or nuclear receptors