Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles and other tissues controlled by integrating centre

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2
Q

What is the pathway of cell-to-cell communication?

A

Input, integrating, output, response

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3
Q

What are the proteins of the body

A

The bodies workhorse

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4
Q

What are electrical signals

A

They have the ability to change cell membrane potential

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5
Q

What are chemical signals

A

Molecules secreted by cells
and received by target cells (ligands)

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6
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Clusters of intercellular channels that allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cell

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7
Q

What are Gap Junctions?
(localized communication)

A

Allows direct cytoplasmic transfer of electrical and chemical signals between adjacent cells

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8
Q

What are Contact-Dependant molecules? (localized communication)

A

Surface molecules on one cell membrane bind to surface molecules on another cell membrane

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9
Q

Autocrine vs Paracrine (localized communication)

A

Autocrine - signaling regulates cellular growth and development
Paracrine - signaling is involved in immune responses and blood clotting

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10
Q

What is Long Distance Communication?

A

Usually between the endocrine and nervous system, them and electrical signals carried by nerve cells

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11
Q

What do gap junctions create?

A

Cytoplasmic Bridges

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12
Q

What is the Endocrine System? (long distance)

A

Hormones transport system, into blood or target cells with the correct receptors

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13
Q

What is a neurotransmitters? (long distance)

A

Chemicals from neutrons that diffuse across the small gap in target cells

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14
Q

What is a neurohormone? (long distance)

A

Chemicals released by neurons into blood for action at distant targets

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15
Q

What does crine mean?

A

Secretion

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16
Q

What are CAM’s?

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules

17
Q

Synchronous Contraction

A

Gap junctions where electrical signals are rapidly transmitted via protein pores

18
Q

Desmosomes

A

Surrounds sarcomeres and allows force to be transferred

19
Q

Where are gap junctions found?

A

Heart and smooth muscle

20
Q

What is a Sarcomere?

A

The basic contractile unit of muscle fibre

21
Q

Can long distance communication be electrical or chemical?

22
Q

Where is neurocrine release from?

23
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Peptides that are both local and long-distance communication

24
Q

Lipophobic Signal Molecules do what?

A

They diffuse and then bind to cytosolic receptors or nuclear receptors

25
What are intracellular signal receptors?
Stimuli with ligands and IC receptors and then bind to the response elements of DNA
26
What does Transduction mean?
The process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another
27
What are first messengers?
First messengers are extracellular factors, often hormones or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, growth hormone, and serotonin
28
What are second messengers?
Small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector proteins
29
What are cascades?
Transduction pathways form an cascade like a ladder
30
What are amplification?
Small amount of signal to have a large effect
31
How many categories are there of membrane receptors?
- receptor-channel; binding opens or closes channel - G protein - receptor- enzyme; activates IC enzyme - integrin receptor; alters enzyme or cytoskeleton
32
What are G protein-coupled receptors? (GPCR)
Opens ion channels and alters enzyme activities
33
How does signal transduction work using g-proteins?
1. molecule binds to GPCR activating g-protein 2. g-protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, and amplifier enzyme 3. AC then converts ATP to cyclic AMP 4. cAMP activates protein kinase A 5. Protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins leading to cellular response
34
What is a TK receptor and what does it do? Who uses this?
Tyrosine kinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to tyrosine. Used by insulin
35
Does calcium work as an intracellular messenger?
It does, calcium induces through gated channels, gets released within cardiac muscles, store in ER
36
What is an ephemeral signal molecule?
A soluble gas are short acting paracrine or autocrines, the best known one is NO. Activates cGMP
37
Does target response depend on the target receptor?
Yes