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Kin 101 Midterm 2 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles and other tissues controlled by integrating centre

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2
Q

What is the pathway of cell-to-cell communication?

A

Input, integrating, output, response

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3
Q

What are the proteins of the body

A

The bodies workhorse

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4
Q

What are electrical signals

A

They have the ability to change cell membrane potential

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5
Q

What are chemical signals

A

Molecules secreted by cells
and received by target cells (ligands)

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6
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Clusters of intercellular channels that allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cell

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7
Q

What are Gap Junctions?
(localized communication)

A

Allows direct cytoplasmic transfer of electrical and chemical signals between adjacent cells

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8
Q

What are Contact-Dependant molecules? (localized communication)

A

Surface molecules on one cell membrane bind to surface molecules on another cell membrane

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9
Q

Autocrine vs Paracrine (localized communication)

A

Autocrine - signaling regulates cellular growth and development
Paracrine - signaling is involved in immune responses and blood clotting

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10
Q

What is Long Distance Communication?

A

Usually between the endocrine and nervous system, them and electrical signals carried by nerve cells

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11
Q

What do gap junctions create?

A

Cytoplasmic Bridges

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12
Q

What is the Endocrine System? (long distance)

A

Hormones transport system, into blood or target cells with the correct receptors

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13
Q

What is a neurotransmitters? (long distance)

A

Chemicals from neutrons that diffuse across the small gap in target cells

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14
Q

What is a neurohormone? (long distance)

A

Chemicals released by neurons into blood for action at distant targets

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15
Q

What does crine mean?

A

Secretion

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16
Q

What are CAM’s?

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules

17
Q

Synchronous Contraction

A

Gap junctions where electrical signals are rapidly transmitted via protein pores

18
Q

Desmosomes

A

Surrounds sarcomeres and allows force to be transferred

19
Q

Where are gap junctions found?

A

Heart and smooth muscle

20
Q

What is a Sarcomere?

A

The basic contractile unit of muscle fibre

21
Q

Can long distance communication be electrical or chemical?

A

Yes

22
Q

Where is neurocrine release from?

A

Neurons

23
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Peptides that are both local and long-distance communication

24
Q

Lipophobic Signal Molecules do what?

A

They diffuse and then bind to cytosolic receptors or nuclear receptors

25
Q

What are intracellular signal receptors?

A

Stimuli with ligands and IC receptors and then bind to the response elements of DNA

26
Q

What does Transduction mean?

A

The process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another

27
Q

What are first messengers?

A

First messengers are extracellular factors, often hormones or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, growth hormone, and serotonin

28
Q

What are second messengers?

A

Small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector proteins

29
Q

What are cascades?

A

Transduction pathways form an cascade like a ladder

30
Q

What are amplification?

A

Small amount of signal to have a large effect

31
Q

How many categories are there of membrane receptors?

A
  • receptor-channel; binding opens or closes channel
  • G protein
  • receptor- enzyme; activates IC enzyme
  • integrin receptor; alters enzyme or cytoskeleton
32
Q

What are G protein-coupled receptors? (GPCR)

A

Opens ion channels and alters enzyme activities

33
Q

How does signal transduction work using g-proteins?

A
  1. molecule binds to GPCR activating g-protein
  2. g-protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, and amplifier enzyme
  3. AC then converts ATP to cyclic AMP
  4. cAMP activates protein kinase A
  5. Protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins leading to cellular response
34
Q

What is a TK receptor and what does it do? Who uses this?

A

Tyrosine kinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to tyrosine. Used by insulin

35
Q

Does calcium work as an intracellular messenger?

A

It does, calcium induces through gated channels, gets released within cardiac muscles, store in ER

36
Q

What is an ephemeral signal molecule?

A

A soluble gas are short acting paracrine or autocrines, the best known one is NO. Activates cGMP

37
Q

Does target response depend on the target receptor?

A

Yes

Kin 101 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

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