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BIO 201 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is a group of individuals of the same species that inhabit a given area

A

population

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2
Q

have unique features because they are an aggregate of individuals

A

population

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3
Q

two important features of population

A
  1. Genetic unit
  2. spatial concept
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4
Q

Three types of lateral modular growth in plants that produce ramets:

A

stolons
rhizomes
suckers

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5
Q

specialized stems that grow above the surface of the substrate

A

Stolons

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6
Q

specialized stems that grow below the surface of the substrate

A

Rhizomes

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7
Q

new stems from the surface roots

A

Suckers

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8
Q

two levels of population structure:

A

genet
ramet

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9
Q

a genetic individual produced by (a plant’s) sexual reproduction, thus arising from a zygote

A

genet

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10
Q

modules produced asexually by the genet; can produce seeds (through sexual reproduction) and their own lateral extensions or ramets (asexual reproduction)

A

Ramets

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11
Q

group of genetically identical modules, or ramets, that are produced asexually by the genet

A

Clonal colony

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12
Q

Population STRUCTURE

A
  • Distribution
  • Density
  • Proportion of age classes
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13
Q

Population DYNAMICS

A
  • Birth
  • Death
  • Migration
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14
Q

based on the presence and absence of individuals which defines the spatial extent of a population

A

Distribution

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15
Q

defined area that encompasses all the individuals of a species

A

Geographic range

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16
Q

the place or environment where an organism lives

A

habitat

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17
Q

Factors influencing the population distribution

A

habitat suitability
geographic barriers

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18
Q

a species with a geographically widespread distribution

A

Ubiquitous

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19
Q

a species with a distribution that is restricted to a particular locality or localized habitat

A

Endemic

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20
Q

a collective of local populations linked by the dispersal of individuals; due to environmental heterogeneity, most populations are divided into subpopulations, each occupying suitable habitats

A

metapopulation

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21
Q

geographic barriers

A
  • mountain ranges
  • interactions, such as competition and predation, with other species
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22
Q

the total number of individuals in the population

A

Abundance

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23
Q

two factors of abundance

A

population density
the area which the population is distributed

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24
Q

density that is measured simply as the number of individuals per unit area

A

crude density

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25
Q

Patterns of the spatial distribution for individuals within a population:

A

random
regular
clumped

26
Q

if each individual’s position is independent of those of the others

A

random

27
Q

an individual has an equal probability of occurring anywhere in an area

A

random

28
Q

neutral interactions between individuals and local environment

A

random

29
Q

more or less evenly spaced; usually results from some form of negative interaction among individuals, such as competition, which functions to maintain some minimum distance among members of the population

A

regular

30
Q

Individuals are uniformly spaced through the environment

A

regular

31
Q

antagonistic interaction between individuals or local depletion of sources

A

regular

32
Q

most common spatial distribution in which individuals occur in groups

A

clumped

33
Q

individuals live in areas of high local abundance, separated by areas of low abundance

A

clumped

33
Q

which is the number of individuals per unit of available living space; to account for patchiness

A

ecological density

34
Q

attraction between individuals or attraction of individuals to a common resource

A

clumped

35
Q

Sampling methods

A

quadrat method
mark-recapture
Lincoln-Petersen index
indices of abundance

36
Q

method of sampling used widely in the study of populations of plants and sessile (attached) animals

A

quadrat method

37
Q

the most widely used technique for mobile animals to estimate animal populations which involves capturing, marking, and recapturing individuals within a population

A

mark-recapture

38
Q

the simplest single mark–single recapture method

A

Lincoln–Petersen index

39
Q

a measure of relative density or abundance that cannot function alone as estimates of actual density

A

indices of abundance

40
Q

indices of abundance examples

A

vocalization
heard, recording of calls
counts of animal scats
animal tracks

41
Q

do not tell us anything; measurement of population structure includes age, developmental stage, and size

A

abundance

42
Q

the number or proportion of individuals in different age classes

A

age structure

43
Q

a product of the age-specific patterns of mortality and reproduction

A

age structure

44
Q

restricted to certain age classes

A

reproduction

45
Q

three ecologically important age classes or stages

A
  1. prereproductive
  2. reproductive
  3. postreproductive
46
Q

by counting annual growth rings approximate ages of trees in which growth is seasonal can be determined

A

dendrochronology

47
Q

snapshots of the age structure of a population at some period in time, providing a picture of the relative sizes of different age groups in the population

A

Age pyramids

48
Q

protandry

A

male first to female later

49
Q

protogyny

A

female first to male later

50
Q

reasons of dispersal

A

crowding
temperature change
quality and abundance of food
photoperiod

51
Q

Which sex is dominant in mammals? Why?

A

Males often have higher mortality rates due to competition, aggression, or predation, leading to a higher female ratio in older age groups.

52
Q

Which sex have higher mortality rate in birds?

A

Females have higher mortality rate due to being susceptible to predation and attack when nesting

53
Q

movement of individuals in space

A

dispersal

54
Q

Unintentional dispersal examples

A
  • Long distance dispersal by humans: PRIMARY CONCERN
  • Snakes in Apo Island
  • Ballast water and soil in cargo ships
  • Transport of cargoes (logs, sediments, etc.,)
  • Ornamental plants
55
Q

when individuals move out of a subpopulation

A

emigration

56
Q

when an individual moves from another location into a subpopulation

A

immigration

57
Q

round trip movement of animals; return trips may be daily or seasonal

A

migration

58
Q

a reproductive strategy wherein an organism reproduce once then dies

A

semelparous

59
Q

a reproductive strategy wherein an organism reproduce repetitively

A

iteroparous

60
Q

a new source of long-distance dispersal that has led to the redistribution of species at a global scale

A

dispersal by humans

BIO 201 (8 decks)

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