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BIO 201 > Chapter 16-18.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 16-18.3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the group of species that occupy a given area, interacting directly or indirectly

A

community

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2
Q

It refers to a subset of the species, such as a plant, bird (avian),
small mammal, or fish community.

A

Community

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3
Q

It suggests relatedness or similarity among the members in their taxonomy, response to the environment, or use of resources.

A

Community

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4
Q

Two features of the community structure that the rank-abundance diagram illustrate

A

species richness
species evenness

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5
Q

count of number of species occurring within the community

A

Species richness

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6
Q

the equitability in the distribution of individuals among the species

A

species evenness

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7
Q

What defines the biological structure of the community?

A

species composition

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8
Q

the species ranking based on relative abundance, ranked from the most to least abundance (x-axis)

A

rank abundance

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9
Q

the simplest quantitative measure of community structure

A

species richness

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10
Q

Mathematical indices which consider both the number and relative abundance of species within the community

A

species diversity

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11
Q

one of the simplest and most widely used indices of species diversity

A

Simpson’s diversity index

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12
Q

when a single or few species predominate within a community; often defined as the most numerically abundant

A

dominants

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13
Q

a species that has a disproportionate impact on the community relative to its abundance

A

keystone species

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14
Q

function in a unique and significant manner, and their effect on the community is disproportionate to their numerical abundance

A

Keystone species

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15
Q

describe species interactions

A

food webs

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16
Q

abstract representation of feeding relationships within a community

A

food chain

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17
Q

a descriptive diagram—a series of arrows, each pointing from one species to another, representing the flow of food energy from prey (the consumed) to predator (the consumer)

A

food chain

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18
Q

the arrows from the consumed to the consumer

A

links (link or linkage)

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19
Q

feed on no other species but are fed on by others

A

basal species

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20
Q

feed on other species and they are prey of other species

A

intermediate species

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21
Q

not subject to predators; they prey on intermediate and basal species

A

top predators

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22
Q

It provide a useful tool for analyzing the
structure of communities and a number of measures have been developed to quantify food web structure.

A

food web

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23
Q

Organisms that derive energy from consuming plant and animal tissue

A

heterotrophs or secondary producers

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24
Q

division of heterotrophs (trophic levels)

A

herbivores
carnivores
omnivores

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25
Q

groups of species that exploit a common resource in a similar fashion

A

guilds

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26
Q

commonly used to define a group of species based on their common response to the environment, life history characteristics, or role within the community

A

functional type

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27
Q

What defines the form and structures of terrestrial communities?

A

vegetation

28
Q

Characteristics of Communities

A

biological structure: species composition
physical structure: abiotic and biotic factors

29
Q

What defines aquatic communities?

A

features of abiotic environment (such as water depth, flow rate, salinity)

30
Q

vertical stratification of forest

A

emergent
canopy
understory
ground cover
forest floor

31
Q

vertical structure of the vegetation in savanna communities

A

herbaceous layer
woody plant layer

32
Q

two distinct vertical layers recognized based on light penetration through the water column

A

photic layer
aphotic layer

33
Q

spatial change in community structure

A

zonation

34
Q

changes in the physical and biological structures of communities as one moves across the landscape

A

zonation

35
Q

likened associations to organisms, with each species representing an interacting, integrated component of the whole

A

organismic concept of communities

36
Q

development of the community through time

A

succession

37
Q

states that the relationship among coexisting species (species within a community) is a result of similarities in their requirements and tolerances, not to strong interactions or common evolutionary history

A

individualistic or continuum concept

38
Q

the goal is to return a community or ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition before disturbance by applying ecological principles

A

restoration ecology

39
Q

involves a continuum of approaches ranging from reintroducing species and restoring habitats to attempting to reestablish whole communities

A

restoration ecology

40
Q

group of plant and animal species that inhabit a given area

A

community

41
Q

an expression of the species’ ecological niche

A

community structure

42
Q

result of differences in species’ tolerance and interactions along environmental gradient

A

zonation

43
Q

one species may be influenced by interaction with many different species is not limited to competition

A

diffuse interactions

44
Q

occur when one species does not interact with a second species directly but instead influences a third species that does indirectly interact with the second

A

indirect interaction

45
Q

occurs when two species that do not compete with each other for limited resources affect each other indirectly by being prey for the same predator

A

apparent competition

46
Q

functional grouping of species based on sharing similar functions within the community or exploiting the same resource (e.g., grazing herbivores, pollinators, cavity-nesting birds)

A

guilds

47
Q

The structure of food chains suggests that the
productivity and abundance of populations at any given trophic level are controlled (limited) by the productivity and
abundance of populations in the trophic level below them

A

bottom-up control

48
Q

occurs when predator populations control the
abundance of prey species

A

top-down control

49
Q

type of top-down control which occurs when a predator in a food web suppresses the abundance of their
prey (intermediate species) such that it increases the abundance of the next lower trophic level (basal species) on which the intermediate species feeds

A

trophic cascade

50
Q

results when individuals compete in proportion
to their size, so that larger plants cause a large decrease in the
growth of smaller plants, and small plants cause a small (but proportionate to their size) decrease in the growth of larger
plants

A

symmetric competition

51
Q

larger plants have a
disproportionate advantage in competition for light by shading smaller ones, resulting in initial size differences being
compounded over time

A

asymmetric

52
Q

temporal change in community structure

A

succession

53
Q

the gradual and seemingly directional change in community
structure through time from field to forest

A

succession

54
Q

usually characterized
by high growth rates, smaller size, high degree of dispersal, and high rates of per capita population growth

A

early successional species or pioneer species

55
Q

generally have lower rates of dispersal
and colonization, slower per capita growth rates, and are larger and longer-lived

A

late successional species

56
Q

two different types of succession

A

primary succession
secondary succession

57
Q

occurs on a site
previously unoccupied by a community—a newly exposed surface such as the cement blocks in a rocky intertidal environment

A

primary succession

58
Q

occurs on previously occupied sites (previously existing communities) after disturbance

A

secondary succession

59
Q

defined as any process that results in the
removal (either partial or complete) of the existing community

A

disturbance

60
Q

series of sites within an area that are at different
stages of succession (seral stages)

A

chronosequence

61
Q

includes attributes such as the number of species, the relative abundance of species, and the kinds of species comprising a community

A

community structure

62
Q

a group of organisms that all make their living in a similar way

A

guild

63
Q

a discrete, punctuated
killing, displacement, or damaging of one or more individuals (or colonies) that directly or indirectly creates an opportunity for new individuals (or colonies) to become established

A

disturbance

64
Q

any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment

A

disturbance

65
Q

predicts that intermediate levels of disturbance promote higher levels of diversity

A

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

66
Q

one of several distributions that
give a reasonable match to the relative abundance of species

A

lognormal distribution

67
Q

point on a continuum of vegetation through time, it is often recognizable as a distinct community

A

seral stage

BIO 201 (9 decks)

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