chapter 12 Flashcards
the relationship when neither of the two populations affects the other
neutral
the relationship if the two populations mutually benefit in the interaction
mutualism
the relationship when one species maintains or provides a condition that is necessary for the welfare of another but does not affect its own well-being
commensalism
when the relationship is detrimental to the populations of both species
competition
the relationship when one species reduces or adversely affects the population of another, but the affected species has no influence in return
amensalism
a form of asymmetric competition
amensalism
Relationships in which one species benefits at the expense of the other
predation, parasitism, and parasitoidism
the process of one organism feeding on another, typically killing the prey
Predation
one organism feeds on the other but rarely kills it outright
parasitism
like predation, kills the host eventually; lay eggs in or on the body of the host
parasitoidism
a number of reasons why the interaction between two species
will not influence all individuals within the respective populations equally
1 involve a diverse
array of physiological processes and behavioral activities that
are influenced by phenotypic characteristics
2 phenotypic characteristics vary among individuals within the populations
process in which two species undergo reciprocal evolutionary
change through natural selection
coevolution
wherein changes in phenotypic characteristics of the species involved function to limit the ability of the species to carry out the same or similar interactions with other species
specialization
process in which a network of species undergoes reciprocal
evolutionary change through natural selection
diffuse coevolution
groups of species interact with other groups of species, leading to natural selection and evolutionary changes that cannot be identified as examples of specific, pairwise coevolution between two species
diffuse coevolution
the range of physical and chemical conditions under which it persists (survives and reproduces) and the
array of essential resources it uses
ecological niche
the idea of the niche
as a multidimensional space in which each axis (dimension) is defined by a variable relating to the specific resource need or environmental factor that is essential for a species’ survival and successful reproduction
hypervolume
hypervolume that defines the
environmental conditions under which a species can survive
and reproduce
fundamental niche
provides a description of the set of environmental conditions
under which a species can persist
physiological niche
the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually exploits as a result of interactions with other species
realized niche
a subset of the broader, more inclusive range of conditions and resources that the species could use in the absence of interactions with other species
fundamental niche
often inferred as a primary factor driving phenotypic divergence
Resource competition
the process by which one species gives
rise to multiple species that exploit different features of the environment, such as food resources or habitats
Adaptive radiation
two major land-use changes that are responsible for habitat
loss in terrestrial environments:
expanding agriculture and
urbanization
study the ecology of organisms in the context of the urban environment
urban ecology
which is the gradual replacement of regionally distinct ecological communities with cosmopolitan communities that reflect the increasing global activity of humans
biotic homogenization
