Chapter 8

Question 1

Syntactic change definition

Answer 1

change in syntactic constuctions: creation of new syntactic constructions or changes in parts of existing constraints

Question 2

two aspect of syntactic constructions

Answer 2

1- traditional way: how passive constructions is different from future constructions
2- constructions as relations between form and meaning

Question 3

definition of schematic slots

Answer 3

syntactic constraints are made of semantic slots that can be filled with different Ws or morphemes.

Question 4

the relationship between syntactic change and grammaticalization

Answer 4

syntactic change and grammaticalization are interwind: syntactic constraint have grammatical morphemes in them that are produced by grammaticalization. when a unit in the process of grammaticalization changes unit, for example when a V becomes Aux, syntactic change occurs.

Question 5

pattern of syntactic change

Answer 5

discourse-syntax-morphology-morphophonemics-zero

Question 6

development of English WAY constraints

Answer 6

1- in ME Ns other than WAY were used in the constraint
2-the most common noun was WAY, the most common V was WEND meaning go turningly
3- 19th cent, Verbs expressing manner of motion started to be used in this constraints. the Vs associated with the NOICE OF THE MOTION also started to appear

Question 7

conclusion of WAY constraints

Answer 7

constructionalization of constraints:
they have fixed part in them (way), expansion of other parts (different Vs)

Question 8

Competition between constructions

Answer 8

grammaticalization makes new constraints that have the same grammatical functions with the ones before them and synchronically exist and compete for replacement of the old ones.

more than one constraints competition to express similar function

Question 9

Example of competition between syntactic constraints

Answer 9

the competition between double object constraints and constraint with prepositions

Question 10

Explain the competition between DOC and P constraints

Answer 10

they both exist synchronically.
the older version is DOC, because E had different cases.
the constraint with P has less restrictions as can work with Vs which demonstrate the manner of job.
in ME the case of Ns lost, the recipient nouns moved closer to Vs.