Chapter 7 Flashcards
Common Paths of Grammaticalization
grammaticalization between Ls
very similar paths of semantic change occur between Ls.
for each gram type, there are only few possible lexical sources.
what forms future grams are built from? what does it show?
future grams are built from Vs or constraints which convey meanings of volition or obligation, from constructions signalling movements toward a goal. in few cases from Temporal Adveribials.
- it shows that the path of grammaticalization is similar between Ls.
how the grammaticalization is different across Ls? Example
Grammaticalization over two centuries of movement futures across French, Porto and Spanish show that the rate of change is different, contextual factors that influence the movement future are different too.
in different Ls, there are specific factors that push the long term development more in some contexts than others.
what are the ways in which grammaticalization is Universal?
conceptual sources are similar, mechanisms of change such as bleaching and inference are similar.
What is BLEACHING?
Loss of LEXICAL Meaning
Examples of L specific factors
- the existence of other competing forms
- attachment of social meaning to a variant or another
How concept of time is coded into languages
- Lexical items (Adv, PPs: now, then, on, Wednesday)
2.Periphrastic constraints (be going to) - inflections (past tense -ed)
what does deixis mean?
the MEANING of TENS GRAMS are deictic. the actual temporal reference is changing based on the moment of speech. what is simple present today is past tomorrow. Temporal Expressions like NOW, TODAY and Next week are deictic and it means that the time they refer to is dependant to the time that they are being expressed.
what does aspect refer to?
Aspect refers to how internal temporal structure of a situation is being viewed. simple past: habitual action. be going to: continuous situation.
how aspect is being shown
by aspectual markers. making aspectual markers is a derivational process. derivational affixes grammaticalised from inflectional ones.
Temporal Affixes: what they drive from
- adverbs illustrate locative direction (up-down-over- through)
adverb indicating locative directions adding to atelic verbs
indicate completion of an action: eat up, write up, burn up, think over, think through.
atelic verb
verbs that do not necessarily needs an acceleration toward goal. completion. they do not necessarily need completion
Perfectivising
adding a directional locative adverb to a verb which shows perfect aspect. in some languages this adverbs are grammaticalised in a way that two forms with and without adverbs exist. each adverb go with an specific verb. (we have eat up but we do not have eat down)
Derivations of Pronouns
3rd Person: Demonstrative pronouns (spatial location)
Object Pronouns: from ACC case of Demonstrative Pronouns, with more phonological reduction
2nd Person: Deictic Spatial Terms, Plural Pronouns, 3rd Person Forms
First Person: They have been in languages for long time, they are similar (consonants as evidence: m and t) we do not know their sources.
Derivation of Articles
Definite Articles:Derived from Demonstratives, mostly distal demonstrative that changed from reference within a space to reference within a discourse
Indefinite articles: Derived From One. singular sense is maintained but changed from ONE AND ONLY ONE to a new ONE that the speaker introduces as a referent
what are ADPOSITIONS
ADPOSITIONS are prepositions and postpositions
Sources for ADPOSITIONS
adpositions can derive from N constraints or V constraints
What Ns become adpositions?
-start with the meaning of spatial positioning
-they start from constraints that already have an established adposition with a N in genitive case
-most frequently Ns from human body parts and environmental landmarks
-they refer to the position of N in human body, or four legged animal body
-
stages of semantic changes that body parts go through
body part-relational part of object- location near object - location in region of object part
stages of semantic change in IN FRONT OF
- FRONT borrowed from the latin frontis FOREHEAD in 13th centr
2-THE FRONT OF: foremost part of an object, like houses, when the side with the door was considered front (metaphorical semantic extension, from domain of body part to domain of objects)
3- started to show any side depending on the speakers perspective
4- 17th century: location in contact with the front part of an object
5-18th century: in front of : show a place near front of an object
appositions from the Vs examples
during : from V duren, meaning last and endure
considering: for example considering the cost
what happens to the grams at the end of the grammaticalization?
as grams become more and more bleached, the tendency is to replace them with newer grams that have fuller meanings. it happens slowly and older and newer gramms coexist.
example of coexistence of newer and older gramms
OE has suffixes for different cases, but it also developed prepositions to show locative relations with in conjunction with case suffixes. P to used with Dative NPs that where indicating goal.
Mariginalization of Old Gramms
sometimes when a newer Gramm is developed, the older ones stay in more marginalised cases. shall stayed in formal uses.
What makes grammaticalization possible in different Ls
similar social and cognitive contexts existing in different culture (this is why the path of grammaticalization is similar across cultures. )
